巨大质量恒星列表

維基媒體列表條目
(重定向自巨大质量恒星列表

这是一份有关巨大质量恒星的列表,依太阳质量的多寡排列(1太阳质量=太阳的质量而不是太阳系的质量)。

恒星质量是恒星最重要的一个要素。质量加上化学成分能确定一颗恒星的光度、它实际上的大小和它最后的命运。列在表上的恒星,由于它们的质量非常巨大,到最后大多都会爆发成超新星甚至是极超新星,然后形成黑洞

不确定性和警告

编辑
 
艺术家笔下的远观巨大质量恒星

表中所列出的恒星质量都是从理论上推测的,依据的是恒星很难测定的温度和绝对星等。所有列出的恒星质量都是不确定的:因为天文学家已经将目前的理论和测量技术发挥到了极限,而无论是理论或观测,只要有一个错误,或是两者都错,结果就会不正确。例如仙王座VV变星,依据这颗恒星特有的产物估算,质量就可能是太阳的25至40倍,或是100倍。

大质量恒星是很罕见的,表中列出的恒星距离都在数千光年以上,它们孤单地存在着,使距离很难测量。除了很远之外,这些质量极端巨大的恒星似乎都被喷发出来的气体云气包围着;周围的气体会遮蔽恒星的光度,使原本就很难测量的光度和温度更难测量,并且也使测量他们内部化学成分变成更加复杂的问题。[1]

另一方面,云气的遮蔽也阻碍了观测,而难以确认是一颗大质量恒星,还是多星系统。下表中必然有一定数量的恒星也许是轨道极近的联星,每一颗恒星的质量必然也不小,但不一定是巨大的质量;这些系统仍然可以二选一的是一颗或多颗大质量恒星,或有许多质量不大的伴星。因此表中许多恒星的质量经常是目前被研究的主题,质量经常被重测,而且经常被校正。[2]

表中列出的质量中,数据最可靠的恒星是HD 97950 A1[3]WR 21aWR 20a,因为两者都是联星系统(两颗恒星沿着轨道互绕)。天文学家能够运用开普勒行星运动定律,经由研究它们的轨道运动可以测量出两颗恒星各自的质量。此外,这三者还都是食双星,还可以测量径向速度和光度曲线来测量质量。

恒星演化

编辑

一定数量的恒星也许已经抛出了比目前估计还要多的质量,但因为这些巨额质量的流失是经由次级的假超新星爆炸事件产生的,因此可能已经抛出了10倍于太阳的质量。也会有一定数量的超新星和极超新星残骸,它们的质量可以依据在爆炸前观测到的前超新星或前极超新星的质量,和超新星或极超新星爆炸时的能量和事件的类型来估计。[4]这种恒星(如果还未爆炸)将很容易出现在这张表中(但是它们也可能不在表中)。

巨大质量的恒星列表

编辑
图例
沃尔夫-拉叶星
高光度蓝变星
O型星
B型星
 
由左至右:红矮星、太阳、蓝矮星和R136a1
 
海山二
 
大犬座VY
 
圆拱星团
 
天鹅座 OB2-12
 
Sher 25
 
R136a
 
参宿一

太阳质量60倍以上的恒星:

恒星名称 质量(太阳=1) 距离(光年) 视星等 有效温度(K) 估算方法 链接 参考文献
BAT99-98 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 226 165000 13.38 45000 质光关系 SIMBAD [5][6]
R136a1 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 224 163000 12.28 46000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [7][6]
R136a7 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 199 163000 13.97 49000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][6]
BAT99-105 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 189 163000 12.78 47300 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
R136a2 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 187 163000 12.34 50000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [7][6]
VFTS 1022 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 178 164000 13.47 42200 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
R136a5 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 171 157000 13.71 47000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][6]
R136a4 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 167 157000 13.41 48000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][6]
HSH95-46 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 160 163000 14.56 49000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][6]
R136a3 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 154 163000 12.97 50000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [7][6]
VFTS 682 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 153 164000 16.08 52200 质光关系 SIMBAD [9][6]
HD 15558 A (位于心脏星云内的IC 1805) 152 24400 7.87 39500 双星系统 SIMBAD [10][11]
HSH95-36 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 149 163000 14.41 52000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][6]
BAT99-116 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 147 163000 13.09 53000 双星系统 SIMBAD [12][6]
VFTS 482 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 145 164000 12.95 42200 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
R136c (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 142 163000 13.43 51000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [13][6]
VFTS 1021 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 141 164000 13.35 39800 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
LH 10-3209 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1763) 140 160000 11.859 42500 质光关系 SIMBAD [14][15]
VFTS 506 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 138 164000 13.31 47300 质光关系 SIMBAD [9][6]
BAT99-116 B (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 136 163000 13.09 53000 双星系统 SIMBAD [12][6]
VFTS 545 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 133 164000 13.32 47300 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
HD 97950 B (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 132 24800 11.33 42000 质光关系 SIMBAD [3][16]
HD 269810 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2029) 130 163000 12.22 52500 质光关系 SIMBAD [17][18]
HSH95-73 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 127 163000 15.13 33000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][19]
WR 42e (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 123 25000 14.53 43000 系统弹出 SIMBAD [20]
R136a6 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 121 157000 13.35 53000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][6]
HD 97950 A1a (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 120 24800 11.18 42000 双星系统 SIMBAD [3][16]
LSS 4067 (位于HM 1) 120 11000 11.44 40000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [21][22]
R136b (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 120 163000 13.24 37000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][6]
WR 93 (位于NGC 6357内的匹斯密斯24) 120 5900 10.68 71000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
Sk -69° 212 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) 119 160000 12.416 45400 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
Sk -69° 249 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2074) 119 160000 12.02 38900 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][24]
ST5-31 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) 119 160000 12.273 50700 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][25]
MSP 183 (位于维斯特卢2) 115 20000 13.878 46300 质光关系 SIMBAD [26][27]
WR 24 (位于船底座星云科林德228) 114 14000 6.48 50100 恒星演化 SIMBAD [28][29]
HD 97950 C1 (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 113 24800 11.89 44000 质光关系 SIMBAD [3][16]
圆拱星团-F9 (位于圆拱星团) 111.3 25000 16.1 (J波段) 36600 质光关系 SIMBAD [30][31]
天鹅座OB2#12 A (位于天鹅座OB2) 110 5200 11.702 13700 质光关系 SIMBAD [32][33]
HD 93129 Aa (位于船底座星云内的川普勒14) 110 7500 6.9 42500 三星系统 SIMBAD [34][11]
R146 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 109 164000 13.11 63000 质光关系 SIMBAD [5][6]
VFTS 621 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 107 164000 15.39 54000 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
WR 21a A (来自维斯特卢2速逃星) 103.6 26100 12.661 45000 双星系统 SIMBAD [35][18]
R99 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的N44) 103 164000 11.52 28000 质光关系 SIMBAD [5][11]
HSH95-47 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 102 163000 14.72 47000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][6]
圆拱星团-F6 (位于圆拱星团) 101 25000 15.75 (J波段) 33900 质光关系 SIMBAD [30][31]
Sk -65° 47 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1923) 101 160000 12.466 47800 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
圆拱星团-F1 (位于圆拱星团) 100.9 25000 16.3 (J波段) 33200 质光关系 SIMBAD [30][31]
牡丹星 (靠近银心) 100 26000 12.98 (J波段) 25100 质光关系 SIMBAD [36][37]
VFTS 457 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 100 164000 13.74 39800 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
海山二 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) 100 7500 4.3 9400-35200 质光关系 SIMBAD [38][39]
默瑟30-1 A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) 99 40000 10.33 (J波段) 32200 恒星演化 SIMBAD [40]
Sk -68° 137 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 99 160000 13.346 50000 质光关系 SIMBAD [14][15]
HSH95-48 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 98 163000 14.75 49000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][19]
WR 25 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) 98 6500 8.8 50100 恒星演化 SIMBAD [28][11]
BI 253 (来自大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云速逃星) 97.6 164000 13.76 54000 质光关系 SIMBAD [13][41]
R136a8 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 96 157000 14.42 51000 质光关系 SIMBAD [19][6]
HD 38282 B (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 95 163000 11.11 47000 双星系统 SIMBAD [42][18]
HM 1-6 (位于HM 1) 95 11000 11.64 44700 恒星演化 SIMBAD [21][43]
NGC 3603-42 (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 95 25000 12.86 50000 质光关系 SIMBAD [14][16]
R139 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 95 163000 11.94 35000 双星系统 SIMBAD [5][6]
BAT99-6 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1747) 94 165000 11.95 165000 质光关系 SIMBAD [5][15]
HSH95-49 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 94 163000 14.75 48000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][19]
Sk -66° 172 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的N64) 94 160000 13.1 46300 质光关系 SIMBAD [14][15]
ST2-22 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) 94 160000 14.3 51300 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][44]
VFTS 259 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 94 164000 13.65 37600 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 562 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 94 164000 13.66 42200 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 512 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 93 164000 14.28 47300 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
HD 97950 A1b (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 92 24800 11.18 40000 双星系统 SIMBAD [3][16]
VFTS 16 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 91.6 164000 13.55 50600 质光关系 SIMBAD [13][6]
HD 97950 A3 (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) 91 24800 12.95 50000 质光关系 SIMBAD [14][16]
NGC 346-W1 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) 91 200000 12.57 43400 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][45]
HSH95-45 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 90 163000 14.65 42000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][19]
R127 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2055) 90 160000 10.15 18500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [46][18]
VFTS 333 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 90 164000 12.49 37600 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 267 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 89 164000 13.49 44700 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 64 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 88 164000 14.621 39800 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][15]
BAT99-80 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) 87 165000 13 45000 质光关系 SIMBAD [23][44]
R140b (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 87 165000 12.66 47000 质光关系 SIMBAD [5][6]
VFTS 542 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 87 164000 13.47 44700 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 599 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 87 164000 13.8 44700 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
WR 89 (位于HM 1) 87 11000 11.02 39800 恒星演化 SIMBAD [28][18]
圆拱星团-F7 (位于圆拱星团) 86.3 25000 15.74 (J波段) 32900 质光关系 SIMBAD [30][31]
Sk -69° 104 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) 86 160000 12.1 39900 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
VFTS 1017 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 86 164000 14.5 50100 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
布雷21 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) 85 160000 11.29 71000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
LH 10-3061 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1763) 85 160000 13.491 52000 质光关系 SIMBAD [14][15]
Sk 80 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) 85 200000 12.31 38900 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][47]
VFTS 603 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 85 164000 13.99 42200 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
Sk -70° 91 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的BSDL 1830) 84.09 165000 12.78 48900 恒星演化 SIMBAD [48][15]
R147 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 84 164000 12.993 47300 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][49]
HD 93250 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) 83.3 7500 7.5 46000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [50][11]
HSH95-30 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 83 163000 14.21 37000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][19]
WR 20a A (位于维斯特卢2) 82.7 20000 13.28 43000 双星系统 SIMBAD [51]
OGLE-ECL-17 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2048) 82 160000 14.05 45000 质光关系 SIMBAD [14][15]
WR 20a B (位于维斯特卢2) 81.9 20000 13.28 43000 双星系统 SIMBAD [51]
川普勒27-27 (位于川普勒27) 81 3900 13.31 37000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [21][18]
BAT99-96 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 80 165000 13.76 42000 质光关系 SIMBAD [5][6]
HD 15570 (位于心脏星云内的IC 1805) 80 7500 8.11 46000 质光关系 SIMBAD [10][11]
HD 38282 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 80 163000 11.11 47000 双星系统 SIMBAD [42][18]
HSH95-70 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 80 163000 14.96 47000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][19]
圆拱星团-F15 (位于圆拱星团) 79.7 25000 16.12 (J波段) 35600 质光关系 SIMBAD [30][31]
BI 237 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的BSDL 2527) 79.66 165000 13.83 51300 质光关系 SIMBAD [48][15]
VFTS 94 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 79 164000 14.161 42200 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][15]
VFTS 151 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 79 164000 14.13 42200 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
HSH95-31 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 78 163000 14.12 48000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][19]
LH 41-32 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) 78 160000 13.086 48200 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
匹斯密斯24-17 (位于NGC 6357内的匹斯密斯24) 78 5900 11.84 42700 质光关系 SIMBAD [52][43]
VFTS 404 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 78 164000 14.14 44700 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
HSH95-112 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 77 163000 15.74 36000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][19]
BAT99-68 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的BSDL 2505) 76 165000 14.13 45000 质光关系 SIMBAD [5][15]
HD 93632 (位于船底座星云科林德228) 76 10000 8.23 45400 恒星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
NGC 346-W3 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) 76 200000 12.8 52500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][45]
VFTS 169 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 76 164000 14.437 47300 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][15]
VFTS 440 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 76 164000 12.046 39800 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][15]
AB1 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的DEM S10) 75 197000 15.238 79000 质光关系 SIMBAD [53][45]
WR 22 A (位于船底座星云波鸿10) 75 8300 6.42 44700 恒星演化 SIMBAD [28][11]
匹斯密斯24-1NE (位于NGC 6357内的匹斯密斯24) 74 6500 11 42500 双星系统 SIMBAD [52][54]
VFTS 608 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 74 164000 14.22 42200 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
默瑟30-3 (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) 73 40000 12.62 (J波段) 39300 恒星演化 SIMBAD [40]
默瑟30-11 (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) 73 40000 12.33 (J波段) 36800 恒星演化 SIMBAD [40]
VFTS 566 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 73 164000 14.05 44700 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
LH 64-16 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2001) 72 160000 13.666 50900 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][25]
NGC 2044-W35 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) 72 160000 14.1 48200 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
VFTS 216 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 72 164000 14.389 44700 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][15]
HSH95-58 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 71 163000 14.8 50000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][19]
ST2-1 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) 71 160000 14.3 44100 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][44]
VFTS 3 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 71 164000 11.56 21000 质光关系 SIMBAD [55][6]
圆拱星团-F12 (位于圆拱星团) 70 25000 16.4 (J波段) 36900 质光关系 SIMBAD [30][31]
布雷50 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) 70 165000 13.25 117000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
HD 15629 (位于心脏星云内的IC 1805) 70 7500 8.42 45900 质光关系 SIMBAD [10][11]
HD 37974 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的N135) 70 163000 10.99 22500 质光关系 SIMBAD [56][18]
HD 93129 Ab (位于船底座星云内的川普勒14) 70 7500 7.31 44000 三星系统 SIMBAD [34][57]
M33 X-7 B (位于三角座星系) 70 2700000 18.7 35000 双星系统 SIMBAD [58][59]
Sk -69° 194 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) 70 160000 12.131 45000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][49]
VFTS 125 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 69.6 164000 16.6 55200 质光关系 SIMBAD [13][44]
HD 46150 (位于蔷薇星云内的NGC 2244) 69 5200 6.73 44000 质光关系 SIMBAD [14][11]
HD 229059 (位于伯克利87) 69 3000 8.7 26300 恒星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
ST2-3 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) 69 160000 14.264 44900 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
ST2-32 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) 69 160000 13.903 45400 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
W28-23 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) 69 160000 13.702 51300 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][25]
HD 93403 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) 68.5 10400 8.27 39300 双星系统 SIMBAD [60][18]
HD 93130 (位于船底座星云科林德228) 68 10000 8.04 39900 恒星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
HM 1-8 (位于HM 1) 68 11000 12.52 46100 恒星演化 SIMBAD [21][43]
HSH95-75 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 68 163000 15.08 39000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][19]
BAT99-93 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 67 165000 13.446 45000 质光关系 SIMBAD [5][15]
Sk -69° 200 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) 67 160000 11.18 26300 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
圆拱星团-F18 (位于圆拱星团) 66.9 25000 16.7 (J波段) 36900 质光关系 SIMBAD [30][31]
圆拱星团-F4 (位于圆拱星团) 66.4 25000 15.63 (J波段) 36800 质光关系 SIMBAD [30][31]
BAT99-59 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2020) 66 165000 13.186 71000 质光关系 SIMBAD [5][15]
BAT99-104 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 66 165000 12.5 63000 质光关系 SIMBAD [5][15]
HD 5980 B (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) 66 200000 11.31 45000 三星系统 SIMBAD [61][57]
HD 190429 A (靠近巴纳德146) 66 7800 6.63 46000 双星系统 SIMBAD [62][11]
LH 31-1003 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1858) 66 160000 13.186 41900 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
LH 114-7 位于大麦哲伦星系内的N70) 66 160000 13.66 50000 质光关系 SIMBAD [14][15]
匹斯密斯24-1SW (位于NGC 6357内的匹斯密斯24) 66 6500 11.1 40000 双星系统 SIMBAD [52][54]
BAT99-126 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) 65 165000 13.166 71000 质光关系 SIMBAD [5][15]
HSH95-89 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 65 163000 14.76 44000 质光关系 SIMBAD [19]
VFTS 63 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 65 164000 14.4 42200 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][44]
VFTS 145 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 65 164000 14.3 39800 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 518 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 65 164000 15.11 44700 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
BD+43° 3654 (来自天鹅座OB2速逃星) 64.6 5400 10.06 40400 恒星演化 SIMBAD [63][57]
BAT99-129 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的DEM L294) 64 165000 14.701 79000 质光关系 SIMBAD [5][15]
HSH95-68 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 64 163000 15.15 43000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][19]
Sk -69° 25 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1748) 64 160000 11.886 43600 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
川普勒27-23 (位于川普勒27) 64 3900 10.09 27500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [21][18]
HD 46223 (位于蔷薇星云内的NGC 2244) 63 5200 7.28 46000 质光关系 SIMBAD [14][11]
HD 64568 (位于船尾座OB2内的NGC 2467) 63 16000 9.39 54000 质光关系 SIMBAD [14][18]
HD 303308 (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) 63 9200 8.17 51300 恒星演化 SIMBAD [21][18]
HR 6187 A (位于天坛座OB1内的NGC 6193) 63 4300 5.54 46500 七星系统 SIMBAD [64][11]
LH 10-3058 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1763) 63 160000 14.089 54000 质光关系 SIMBAD [14][15]
ST5-71 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2074) 63 160000 13.266 45400 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
AB9 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的DEM S80) 62 197000 15.431 100000 质光关系 SIMBAD [53][45]
布雷32 B (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1966) 62 165000 12.32 43600 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
HD 93160 (位于船底座星云内的川普勒14) 62 8000 7.6 42700 恒星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
LH 41-1017 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) 62 160000 12.266 42700 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
默瑟30-6a A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) 62 40000 10.39 (J波段) 29900 恒星演化 SIMBAD [40]
ST4-18 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) 62 160000 13.639 44800 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
VFTS 664 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 62 164000 13.937 39900 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][15]
HD 229196 (位于天鹅座OB9) 61.6 5000 8.59 40900 恒星演化 SIMBAD [63][43]
AB8 B (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 602) 61 197000 12.83 45000 双星系统 SIMBAD [61][65]
BAT99-79 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) 61 165000 13.486 42000 质光关系 SIMBAD [5][15]
HD 5980 A (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) 61 200000 11.31 37000 三星系统 SIMBAD [61][57]
HSH95-64 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 61 163000 15.03 40000 质光关系 SIMBAD [7][19]
LH 41-18 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) 61 160000 12.586 38500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
默瑟30-9 A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) 61 40000 12.25 (J波段) 34500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [40]
ST5-25 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2074) 61 160000 13.551 48600 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][25]
VFTS 422 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 61 164000 15.14 39800 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
WR 102hb (位于五合星团) 61 26000 13.9 (J波段) 25100 恒星演化 SIMBAD [66][67]
Sk -67° 166 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的GKK-A144) 60.68 160000 12.22 41800 质光关系 SIMBAD [48][15]
Sk -67° 167 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的GKK-A144) 60.68 160000 12.586 41800 质光关系 SIMBAD [48][15]
Sk -71° 46 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的BSDL 2242) 60.68 160000 13.241 41800 质光关系 SIMBAD [48][15]
布雷10 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1770) 60 165000 12.69 117000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
布雷94 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) 60 165000 12.996 83000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
布雷95a A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) 60 165000 12.2 83000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][68]
默瑟30-7 A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) 60 40000 11.52 (J波段) 41400 恒星演化 SIMBAD [40]
R134 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 60 164000 12.75 39800 质光关系 SIMBAD [8][6]
R142 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 60 164000 11.82 18000 质光关系 SIMBAD [55][6]
R143 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 60 160000 12.014 27000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [46][15]
Sk -69° 142a (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1983) 60 160000 11.093 34000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [46][49]
Sk -69° 259 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) 60 160000 11.93 23000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
Var 83 (位于三角座星系) 60 3000000 16.027 27500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [69][70]
VFTS 430 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) 60 164000 15.11 24500 质光关系 SIMBAD [55][6]

一些常见的质量在60个太阳质量之下的恒星:

恒星名称 质量(太阳=1) 距离(光年) 视星等 有效温度(K) 估算方法 链接 参考文献
弧矢增二十二 (位于船帆座分子云脊内的船帆座R2) 56.1 1080 2.25 40000 质光关系 SIMBAD [62][11]
造父三 (来自仙王座OB3速逃星) 51.4 3100 5.05 36000 质光关系 SIMBAD [62][11]
弧矢增六 Aa (位于NGC 2362) 50 5120 4.89 32000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [71][11]
参宿二 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 44 2000 1.69 27500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [72][11]
伐二 A (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 39 1500 5.02 34900 恒星演化 SIMBAD [73][74]
少卫/紫微右垣六 (来自NGC 1502速逃星) 37.6 6000 4.29 29000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [75][11]
天津增九 (位于天鹅座OB1内的IC 4996) 37 5100 4.82 18700 质光关系 SIMBAD [76][11]
尾宿三 (位于天蝎座OB1内的NGC 6231) 36 8210 4.705 17200 质光关系 SIMBAD [77][78]
参宿一 Aa (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 33 1260 2.08 29500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [79]
伐一C1 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户四边形星团) 33 1340 5.13 39000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [80][11]
王良二 (位于仙后座OB14) 33 4000 4.16 23500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [81][11]
海山二 B (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) 30 7500 4.3 37200 双星系统 SIMBAD [82][39]
天社一 B (位于船帆座OB2) 28.5 1230 1.83 35000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [83][11]
觜宿一 A (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座λ星协) 27.9 1100 3.54 37700 质光关系 SIMBAD [84][85]
卷舌三 (位于英仙座OB2内的加州星云) 26.1 1200 4.04 35000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [75][11]
WR 79a (位于天蝎座OB1内的NGC 6231) 24.4 5600 5.77 35000 质光关系 SIMBAD [86][11]
参宿三 Aa1 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 24 1200 2.5 29500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [87][88]
伐三 Aa1 (位于猎户座分子云团内的NGC 1980) 23.1 1340 2.77 32500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [89][90]
WR 78 (位于天蝎座OB1内的NGC 6231) 22 4100 6.48 50100 质光关系 SIMBAD [28][29]
军市增五 (位于科林德121) 21.4 2800 3.043 15500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [91][11]
参宿七 A (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 21 860 0.13 12100 恒星演化 SIMBAD [92][11]
弧矢二 (位于科林德121) 21 2000 2.45 15000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [81][11]
天市右垣十一/ (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的上天蝎次集团) 20.2 370 2.569 34000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [75][11]
参宿增三十六 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 20 2900 4.618 33400 恒星演化 SIMBAD [93][94]
参宿增一 Aa (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 18 1260 4.07 35000 质光关系 SIMBAD [95][96]
(来自猎户四边形星团速逃星) 16 1300 5.18 33000 质光关系 SIMBAD [97][11]
参宿六 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 15.5 650 2.09 26500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [71][11]
天津增二十八 (位于天鹅座OB4) 15 3260 4.233 10800 恒星演化 SIMBAD [98][99]
南船三 A (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的IC 2602) 14.9 460 2.76 31000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [71][100]
伐二 B (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 14.8 1500 6.38 29300 恒星演化 SIMBAD [101]
卷舌四 (位于英仙座OB2) 14.5 750 2.86 20800 恒星演化 SIMBAD [71][11]
参宿增一 B (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 14 1260 4.07 31000 质光关系 SIMBAD [95][96]
军市一 (位于本地泡) 13.5 490 1.985 23200 恒星演化 SIMBAD [102][103]
卷舌二 A (位于英仙座α星团) 13.5 640 2.88 26500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [71][104]
伐三 Aa2 (位于猎户座分子云团内的NGC 1980) 13.1 1340 2.77 27000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [89][90]
房宿三 A (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的上天蝎次集团) 13 440 2.307 27400 恒星演化 SIMBAD [105][106]
参宿增一 Ab (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) 13 1260 4.07 29000 质光关系 SIMBAD [95][96]
苍蝇座θ Aa (位于半人马座OB1) 11.5 7400 5.53 83000 质光关系 SIMBAD [107][11]
天社一 A (位于船帆座OB2) 9 1230 1.83 57000 质光关系 SIMBAD [83][11]
心宿增四 A (位于蛇夫座ρ星云复合体) 8.7 360 4.63 22000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [108][11]
心宿二 B (位于环泡1) 7.2 550 5.5 18500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [105][85]
毕宿八 A (位于双鱼-波江座星流) 7.18 480 3.47 18700 恒星演化 SIMBAD [71][109]
天船五 (位于英仙座α星团) 7 520 3.01 14900 恒星演化 SIMBAD [110][100]
天船四 (位于英仙座α星团) 6.2 580 4.31 16000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [110][11]
孔雀十一 (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) 5.91 180 1.94 17700 恒星演化 SIMBAD [111][90]
昴宿六 A (位于昴宿星团) 5.9 440 2.87 12300 恒星演化 SIMBAD [112][11]
天狼增四 (位于科林德121) 5.6 440 4.1 13600 恒星演化 SIMBAD [110][113]
盖屋一 (位于双鱼-波江座星流) 4.3 440 4.71 13500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [110][114]
天庾一 (位于双鱼-波江座星流) 3.65 370 4.69 13400 恒星演化 SIMBAD [115][11]
天园三 (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) 3.55 150 3.55 13700 恒星演化 SIMBAD [116][117]
小斗七 (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的蝘蜓座η移动星群) 3.2 310 5.453 12500 恒星演化 SIMBAD [110][57]
小斗二 (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的蝘蜓座ε移动星群) 2.87 360 4.91 10900 恒星演化 SIMBAD [118][100]
蛇腹二 (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) 2.64 150 4.12 11000 恒星演化 SIMBAD [119][110]
鸟喙四 A (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) 2.5 140 4.37 10600 恒星演化 SIMBAD [120][85]
羽林军二十五 (位于双鱼-波江座星流) 2 320 5.66 10600 恒星演化 SIMBAD [110][121]
太阳 (位于太阳系) 1 0.0000158 -26.744 5772 测定标准 NASA [122][123][124]

黑洞

编辑

黑洞是巨型恒星的最终演化物。理论上它们不是恒星,它们核心不再引起核聚变。另外,理论上存在的微黑洞与恒星演化无关。

爱丁顿光度极限

编辑

天文学家经过长期推论的结果显示,一颗原恒星成长到120倍太阳质量以上时必然会猛烈爆炸。很早期的第三星族星可以超过这个极限,如果目前宇宙存在任何质量超过120倍太阳质量的恒星,它们将对现时的恒星演化理论产生疑虑。

质量极限出现的原因是因为拥有更巨大质量的恒星在消耗燃料的速率更快,比其他中小质量的恒星更加巨大。如果一颗巨型恒星在恒星核心引起核聚变所发岀的压力发光能量超出它本身内部拉扯重力,就称为爱丁顿极限。在超过这个极限时,恒星将会开始推挤自己,或流失足够的质量使内部降低到至恒星可以承受的速率。在理论上,由于恒星风会让许多物质流出,一颗更巨大的恒星不能一直维持如此巨大的质量。[128]

天文学家在研究银河系已知恒星最密集的星群:圆拱星团后,证实在那里不存在质量达到150倍太阳质量的恒星,但经过对大麦哲伦云星系R136超星团研究后,却发现了多颗超过这一极限的恒星,这些超大的恒星很有可能是合并的产物。[129]

参见

编辑

参考文献

编辑
  1. ^ What is a star?. Royal Greenwich Observatory. [2006-09-07]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-03). 
  2. ^ Hinshaw, Gary. The Life and Death of Stars. NASA WMAP Mission. August 23, 2006 [2006-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2008-03-12). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Crowther, Paul A.; Schnurr, Olivier; Hirschi, Raphael; Yusof, Norhasliza; Parker, Richard J.; Goodwin, Simon P.; Kassim, Hasan Abu. The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 21 October 2010, 408 (2): 731–751 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408..731C. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 53001712. arXiv:1007.3284 . doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x. (原始内容存档于2017-05-17) (英语). 
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