锿化合物

锿化合物是锕系金属元素锿（Es）形成的化合物。在这些化合物中，锿主要呈现+3价，但+2和+4价的化合物也是已知的。

锿化合物的性质

锿化合物的晶体学性质
化合物	颜色	晶系	空间群	序号	Pearson符号	晶胞参数（pm）
化合物	颜色	晶系	空间群	序号	Pearson符号	a	b	c
Es₂O₃	无色	Cubic	Ia3	206	cI80	1076.6
Es₂O₃	无色	Monoclinic	C2/m	12	mS30	1411	359	880
Es₂O₃	无色	Hexagonal	P3m1	164	hP5	370		600
EsF₃		Hexagonal
EsF₄		Monoclinic^[1]	C2/c	15	mS60
EsCl₃	橙色	Hexagonal^[2]	C6₃/m		hP8	727		410
EsBr₃	黄色	Monoclinic^[3]	C2/m	12	mS16	727	1259	681
EsI₃	黄褐色	Hexagonal^[4]^[5]	R3	148	hR24	753		2084
EsOCl		Tetragonal^[4]	P4/nmm			394.8		670.2

无机锿化合物

氧化锿(III)（Es₂O₃）为无色立方晶体，可以通过灼烧硝酸锿(III)制得。^[6]^[7]它的另外两相，单斜和六方也是已知的，^[8]其中六方相与氧化镧同构，Es³⁺有六配位的O²⁻环绕。^[9]^[4]

锿配合物

锿具有强放射性，这使之在放射治疗中有潜在应用。它的很多配合物已被合成，锿原子在体内会被输送到人体内特定的器官中。目前已有向狗的体内注射柠檬酸锿的实验。^[10]锿(III)也能和β-二酮配位，在制备时，会将其用Gd³⁺稀释1000倍，以减小辐射分解，让化合物在测试所需的20分钟内保持一定程度上的稳定。由于化合物中的组分阻碍了螯合配体至Es³⁺的有效能量转移，其发光很弱而无法被检测到。^[11]

而Es³⁺的荧光可以在盐酸溶液中或二(2-乙基己基)磷酸的有机溶液中探测到，被绿光（~495 nm）激发时，它在约1064 nm处有宽峰（半峰宽~100 nm）。^[12]

锿单阳离子（Es⁺）和五甲基环戊二烯的气相反应已有报道。^[13]

锿后元素化合物

锿后锕系元素（镄、钔、锘、铹）的固体化合物尚未制得，仅溶液化学有所研究。镄和钔在溶液中以三价离子的形式存在，它们可以被还原为二价的Fm²⁺或Md²⁺。^[14]^[15]锘也存在+2价和+3价，但其最稳定的价态是+2价，它也是f区元素中唯一一个+2价最为常见且在水溶液中稳定的元素。^[16]铹在溶液中以+3价的形式存在，和镥类似，试图在水溶液中将Lr³⁺还原至Lr²⁺或Lr⁺的实验未能成功。

参考文献

^ Kleinschmidt, P. Thermochemistry of the actinides. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 1994,. 213–214: 169–172 [2019-07-14]. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2. （原始内容存档于2020-03-16）.
^ Fujita, D.; Cunningham, B. B.; Parsons, T. C. Crystal structures and lattice parameters of einsteinium trichloride and einsteinium oxychloride. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 1969, 5 (4): 307–313 [2019-07-14]. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(69)80203-5. （原始内容存档于2020-03-13）.
^ Fellows, R.; Peterson, J. R.; Noé, M.; Young, J. P.; Haire, R. G. X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies of crystalline einsteinium(III) bromide, ²⁵³EsBr₃. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 1975, 11 (11): 737–742. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(75)80090-0.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Haire, pp. 1595–1596
^ Seaborg, p. 62
^ Greenwood, p. 1268
^ Haire, R. G.; Baybarz, R. D. Identification and analysis of einsteinium sesquioxide by electron diffraction. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 1973, 35 (2): 489–496. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(73)80561-5.
^ Haire, p. 1598
^ Haire, R. G. & Eyring, L. Lanthanides and Actinides Chemistry. K.A. Gscheidner, Jr.; et al (编). Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths 18. North-Holland, New York. 1994: 414–505. ISBN 978-0-444-81724-2.
^ Haire, p. 1579
^ Nugent, Leonard J.; Burnett, J. L.; Baybarz, R. D.; Werner, George Knoll; Tanner, S. P.; Tarrant, J. R.; Keller, O. L. Intramolecular energy transfer and sensitized luminescence in actinide(III) .beta.-diketone chelates. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1969, 73 (5): 1540–1549. doi:10.1021/j100725a060.
^ Beitz, J.; Wester, D.; Williams, C. 5f state interaction with inner coordination sphere ligands: Es³⁺ ion fluorescence in aqueous and organic phases. Journal of the Less Common Metals. 1983, 93 (2): 331–338. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(83)90178-9.
^ Gibson, John K.; Haire, Richard G. Activation of Pentamethylcyclopentadiene by Bk⁺, Cf⁺, and Es⁺ Ions in the Gas Phase: Probing Electronic Structures of Transcurium Actinides. Organometallics (American Chemical Society (ACS)). 2004-11-30, 24 (1): 119–126. ISSN 0276-7333. doi:10.1021/om049387v.
^ Mikheev, N.B.; Spitsyn, V.I.; Kamenskaya, A.N.; Gvozdev, B.A.; Druin, V.A.; Rumer, I.A.; Dyachkova, R.A.; Rozenkevitch, N.A.; Auerman, L.N. Reduction of fermium to divalent state in chloride aqueous ethanolic solutions. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters (Elsevier BV). 1972, 8 (11): 929–936. ISSN 0020-1650. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(72)80202-2.
^ Silva, Robert J. (2006). "Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium" (PDF). In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 1621–1651. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_13. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. pp. 1635–1636.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1278. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[1] Kleinschmidt, P. Thermochemistry of the actinides. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 1994,. 213–214: 169–172 [2019-07-14]. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2. （原始内容存档于2020-03-16）.

[2] Fujita, D.; Cunningham, B. B.; Parsons, T. C. Crystal structures and lattice parameters of einsteinium trichloride and einsteinium oxychloride. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 1969, 5 (4): 307–313 [2019-07-14]. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(69)80203-5. （原始内容存档于2020-03-13）.

[3] Fellows, R.; Peterson, J. R.; Noé, M.; Young, J. P.; Haire, R. G. X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies of crystalline einsteinium(III) bromide, ²⁵³EsBr₃. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 1975, 11 (11): 737–742. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(75)80090-0.

[h1595-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Haire, pp. 1595–1596

[s62-5] Seaborg, p. 62

[g1268-6] Greenwood, p. 1268

[ES2O3-7] Haire, R. G.; Baybarz, R. D. Identification and analysis of einsteinium sesquioxide by electron diffraction. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 1973, 35 (2): 489–496. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(73)80561-5.

[h1598-8] Haire, p. 1598

[ox1-9] Haire, R. G. & Eyring, L. Lanthanides and Actinides Chemistry. K.A. Gscheidner, Jr.; et al (编). Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths 18. North-Holland, New York. 1994: 414–505. ISBN 978-0-444-81724-2.

[h1579-10] Haire, p. 1579

[11] Nugent, Leonard J.; Burnett, J. L.; Baybarz, R. D.; Werner, George Knoll; Tanner, S. P.; Tarrant, J. R.; Keller, O. L. Intramolecular energy transfer and sensitized luminescence in actinide(III) .beta.-diketone chelates. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1969, 73 (5): 1540–1549. doi:10.1021/j100725a060.

[12] Beitz, J.; Wester, D.; Williams, C. 5f state interaction with inner coordination sphere ligands: Es³⁺ ion fluorescence in aqueous and organic phases. Journal of the Less Common Metals. 1983, 93 (2): 331–338. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(83)90178-9.

[13] Gibson, John K.; Haire, Richard G. Activation of Pentamethylcyclopentadiene by Bk⁺, Cf⁺, and Es⁺ Ions in the Gas Phase: Probing Electronic Structures of Transcurium Actinides. Organometallics (American Chemical Society (ACS)). 2004-11-30, 24 (1): 119–126. ISSN 0276-7333. doi:10.1021/om049387v.

[14] Mikheev, N.B.; Spitsyn, V.I.; Kamenskaya, A.N.; Gvozdev, B.A.; Druin, V.A.; Rumer, I.A.; Dyachkova, R.A.; Rozenkevitch, N.A.; Auerman, L.N. Reduction of fermium to divalent state in chloride aqueous ethanolic solutions. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters (Elsevier BV). 1972, 8 (11): 929–936. ISSN 0020-1650. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(72)80202-2.

[15] Silva, Robert J. (2006). "Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium" (PDF). In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 1621–1651. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_13. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. pp. 1635–1636.

[16] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1278. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

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