2019冠状病毒病相关封锁措施

由于2019冠状病毒病疫情的蔓延,世界上许多国家和地区已经实施了一些行动限制措施(例如居家令、宵禁隔离检疫、封城) 。采取这些限制措施的目的是减少2019冠状病毒病的传播。 [1]截至2020 年 4 月,世界上大约一半的人口处于某种形式的封锁之下,90多个国家或地区的39亿多人被他们的政府要求待在家里。 [2]尽管在2019冠状病毒病疫情之前爆发的瘟疫和流行病期间,就有政府采取过类似的措施来控制疫情,但各国政府在2020年代实施的封锁严厉程度被认为是前所未有的。例如墨尔本从2020年3月至2021年10月17日经历了6次封锁,累计封锁天数达到262天。布宜诺斯艾利斯累计封锁时间达234天[3]世界卫生组织认为封锁应该是短期内采取的措施。为了在行动限制和正常生活之间取得平衡,世界卫生组织建议在应对疫情时个人应注意卫生、政府应追踪接触者以及隔离病患。 [4]

许多公共卫生专家和经济学家一开始支持封锁措施[5] ,理由是如果让COVID-19不受控制地传播会带来更严重的后果,但严厉的限制措施已经对人类健康、 [6]社会经济产生了影响,并且还招致人民抗议。例如中华人民共和国就出现多起因封控导致患者无法及时救治而死亡的事件[7]。有一些学者通过研究和案例表明,封锁通常不能有效降低COVID-19的传播速度。[8][9] [10]

功效 编辑

有人认为,如果更早地执行、更严格地执行以及不过早地解除封锁,封锁对遏制COVID-19的社区传播以及由此导致的死亡最为有效。[11][12][13][14][15]一项基于对法国、意大利和英国最常见的COVID-19症状(如味觉和嗅觉丧失)研究调查显示,在封闭措施最严厉的国家(意大利和法国),在封控开始后仅仅几天,出现新症状的情况就明显减少[16]。学者对2019冠状病毒病美国疫情的建模研究表明,“如果美国提前两周实施封锁措施,疫情将可以几乎完全被抑制”,如果封锁再持续两周,第二波疫情的严重程度将有效减缓。 [11]事实证明,2020年初湖北的严格封锁有效地控制了2019冠状病毒病中国大陆疫情[17][18]在疫情期间,瑞典的大部分地区都没有采取限制措施,而与其人口结构相当的邻国挪威丹麦芬兰则实施了封锁。相比之下,瑞典的病例和死亡人数都相对较高。 [19][20][21] 同样,对澳大利亚数据的建模得出的结论是,与不怎么采取严格限制措施的地区相比,通过严格的封锁措施阻断社区传播可以降低医疗以及经济成本。研究人员还警告如果过早地放松限制会带来更高的成本。 [13][14]澳大利亚不少地区采用了清零政策,在墨尔本疫情期间,维多利亚州严格封锁了四个月,再加上其他措施,避免了2020年疫情在该国蔓延。 [22]新西兰越南还在整个2020年都采取了清零政策,并且还出台了针对性的封锁措施。 [23][24]

2021年严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2Delta变异株的出现导致一些评论员认为,尽管封锁可以继续减缓COVID-19的传播速度,但在遏制病毒传播方面的效果已经降低。事实证明,澳大利亚越南为应对严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2Delta变异株而采取的封锁措施已不如此前其他变异株流行期间所采取的封锁措施那么有效。 [25][26] 此外还有几位研究人员通过建模和演示得出结论,封锁通常不能有效减缓COVID-19的传播以及降低死亡数字。 [8][9][27][10][28][29][30][17][31]

随着杀伤力较低的Omicron变异株的出现、疫苗接种率不断上升及对病毒有更深入了解,大部分国家都于2021年底扬弃清零政策[32],取消国内强制检测及隔离措施,而国际出入境旅客符合接种疫苗的条件[33],便无需接受检疫隔离[34]。不过中华人民共和国在中共中央总书记习近平领导下继续实施严格的清零政策[35],直至2022年12月才告终止。

相关条目 编辑

参考文献 编辑

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