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一级方程赛车大奖赛（英语：Formula One Grand Prix）是一项为期三天（通常是周五至周日）举行的体育赛事。这些通常被称为“大奖赛”（法语：Grands Prix）的赛事通常在专门修建的赛道上进行，有些情况下也在临时封闭的普通城市道路上举行，其中最有名的是在蒙特卡洛举办的摩纳哥大奖赛。 [1]每场比赛的结果算入积分系统并以此确定两个年度世界冠军：世界车手冠军及世界车队冠军。有趣的是，印第安纳波利斯500在1950至1960年间属于世界车手锦标赛中的一站。一场称为大奖赛的比赛至少应该有300千米（190英里）以上的比赛里程。[2]一级方程赛程上的每一个大奖赛可以说是皆符合这项规定，除了摩纳哥大奖赛——自1968年（英语：1968 Monaco Grand Prix）起的比赛里程始终少于300千米（190英里）。

自1950年起，一级方程赛车已经在72个赛季、34个国家和76个赛道上举办了1067场大奖赛。[3]

At most Formula One race weekends, other events such as races in other Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) series, such as Formula 2 or 3, are held.

大奖赛周末结构

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在大奖赛周末的星期五会举行两节自由练习，在星期六上午举行第三节自由练习，下午则举行排位赛，星期日下午或晚上会举行正赛。[4]结构在一级方程的历史上已经改变了无数次。2021年国际汽联做出最新一次的改动，在一些大奖赛中加入冲刺赛。[5]在冲刺赛周末的星期五中午会进行第一节自由练习﹙Free Practice 1﹚，下午则进行原本在星期六进行的排位赛﹙Qualifying﹚，排位赛的成绩用作决定冲刺赛的发车位置。第二节自由练习﹙Free Practice 2﹚改在星期六中午进行，而新增的冲刺排位赛则在星期六下午至黄昏时候进行，代替了常规的第三节自由练习﹙Free Practice 3﹚。[6]

自由练习

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从2006年开始，正赛开始前会举行三节自由练习（通常缩写为FP1、FP2和FP3）。[7]第一节自由练习在星期五上午举行，第二节自由练习在星期五下午举行，第三节自由练习在星期六上午举行。[8]自由练习能让车手适应赛道，让车队调试赛车。车队可以在他们的赛车上调试新零件，可以更改赛车的设定，使赛车变得更快，也可以派出一名调试车手参与自由练习。[9]从2021年开始，所有自由练习的时限缩减至一小时，在此之前，星期五自由练习的时限为90分钟，星期六自由练习的时限为一小时。[10]在2022年，为了给予更多机会让非一级方程车手能够驾驶一级方程赛车，规则要求车队至少在整个赛季内其中两个大奖赛的星期五自由练习中派出一名调试车手参与自由练习，但如果车队车手名单中有一名正式车手是首个赛季参加一级方程赛车，车队则会被当作达成了新规则要求。[11]

现在规则严格禁止私人调试，但允许调试车手代替普通车手参加星期五的第一节自由练习。[12]

传统上摩纳哥大奖赛的第一和第二节自由练习星期四举行，星期五则作为休息日，但从2022年起，第一和第二节自由练习会在星期五举行。[13]因为巴林、新加坡和阿布扎比大奖赛在夜间进行，所以这些大奖赛的自由练习都在晚上举行。[14]

排位赛

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基米·莱科宁参加2005年美国大奖赛的排位赛。

在每场大奖赛赛前都会举行排位赛，以决定正赛开始时的排位顺序。在排位赛中造出较快时间的车手会排在较前的位置，时间较慢的车手会排在较后的位置。[15]

以前的排位赛模式

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在1996年之前，排位赛分为两部分，各一小时；第一部分于当地时间星期五（摩纳哥则是在星期四）下午13:00至14:00举行，第二部分于周六下午举行。每位车手​​在两节比赛中造出的最快时间定出他们的发车位置。每位车手在每部分排位赛中最多只能完成12圈。[16]

1996年，国际汽联对排位赛的模式进行了修改，取消了周五的排位赛，取而代之的是周六下午举行的一次排位赛。[17]如前所述，每位车手在每部分排位赛中最多只能完成12圈，同时国际汽联也设立107%规则以淘汰单圈时间较慢的车手。[18]如果一位车手的最快单圈成绩差与杆位时间的107%，那么这位车手便不再被允许参加正赛。在特殊情况下，赛事干事可以允许该车手参加正赛。如果有多于一位的车手未达标，那么他们的正赛排位将由赛事干事决定。[19]这种模式被一直持续使用直至2002赛季结束。

在2003年至2005年，排位赛在周五和周六下午举行，每位车手只被允许在两部分的排位赛各完成一个单圈。[20]

在2003年，星期五排位赛的出场顺序是根据车手积分榜排名而决定，在车手积分榜上排名第一的车手会是首位出场的车手。星期六排位赛的出场顺序由各车手在星期五排位赛造出的时间决定，时间最慢的车手先出场，时间最快的车手最后才会出场。[21]在星期六排位赛开始至正赛开始前不可以加油。星期六排位赛所造出的时间会决定正赛开始时的排位顺序。[22]

2004年，星期五的第一部分排位赛被移至星期六举行。第一部分排位赛出场顺序是前一场比赛赛果的相反。起初是连续进行两部分的排位赛，但后来第一部分排位赛改成在当天较早时候举行。[23]

2005年初，两部分的排位赛分别在星期六下午和星期日上午举行。在这两部分排位赛所造出的单圈时间决定正赛开始时的排位顺序。[24]从2005年欧洲大奖赛开始，星期日上午的排位赛被取消，只在周六下午进行一节排位赛，事实证明它不受车手、车队和广播公司的欢迎。出场顺序是前一场比赛赛果的相反。[25][26]

现在的排位赛模式

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Since 2006年, qualifying takes place on Saturday afternoon in a three-stage "knockout" system. One hour is dedicated to determining the grid order, divided into three periods with short intermissions between them.[27]

Currently, the first qualifying period (Q1) is eighteen minutes long, with all twenty cars competing. At the end of Q1, the five slowest drivers are eliminated from further qualification rounds, and fill positions sixteen to twenty on the grid based on their fastest lap time. Any driver attempting to set a qualifying time when the period ends is permitted to finish his lap, though no new laps may be started once the chequered flag is shown. After a short break, the second period (Q2) (15 minutes long) begins, with fifteen cars on the circuit. At the end of Q2, the five slowest drivers are once again eliminated, filling grid positions eleven to fifteen. Finally, the third qualifying period (Q3) features the ten fastest drivers from the second period. The drivers are issued a new set of soft tyres and have twelve minutes to set a qualifying time, which will determine the top ten positions on the grid. The driver who sets the fastest qualifying time is said to be on pole position, the grid position that offers the best physical position from which to start the race.[27]

Drivers may complete as many laps as they choose within the permitted qualifying session’s time. As of the 2022 season, all drivers are permitted to start the race on the tyre of their choice regardless of their grid position, whereas previously it was required for the drivers starting in the top 10 grid positions to start on the same tyre as the one that they set their fastest lap time with in the second qualifying session.

Generally, a driver will leave the pits and drive around the track in order to get to the start/finish line (the out-lap). Having crossed the line, they will attempt to achieve the quickest time around the circuit that they can in one or more laps (the flying lap or hot lap). This is the lap time which is used in calculating grid position. Finally, the driver will continue back around the track and re-enter the pit lane (the in-lap). However, this is merely strategy, and no teams are obliged by the rules to follow this formula; drivers may elect to set several flying laps before returning to the pits.

For the first two races of the 2016 season, a modified format was used where drivers were eliminated during the sessions rather than just at the end and only eight drivers progressed to the final session. Qualifying reverted to the previous format from the third race of the season onwards.

Qualifying requirements

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As of 2020年, ten teams are entered for the Formula One World Championship, each entering two cars for a total of twenty cars.[28] The regulations place a limit of twenty-six entries for the championship.[29] At some periods in the history of Formula One the number of cars entered for each race has exceeded the number permitted, which historically would vary from race to race according to the circuit used; Monaco, for example, for many years allowed only twenty cars to compete because of the restricted space available. The slowest cars excess to the circuit limit would not qualify for the race and would be listed as 'Did Not Qualify' (DNQ) in race results.[30]

Historical pre-qualifying

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There had been pre-qualifying sessions in the late 1970s, but during the late 1980s and early 1990s the number of cars attempting to enter each race was as high as thirty-nine for some races. Because of the dangers of having so many cars on the track at the same time, pre-qualifying sessions were re-introduced for the teams with the worst record over the previous twelve months, including any new teams. Usually, only the four fastest cars from this session were then allowed into the qualifying session proper, where thirty cars competed for twenty-six places on the starting grid for the race. The slowest cars from the pre-qualifying session were listed in race results as 'Did Not Pre-Qualify' (DNPQ). Pre-qualifying was discontinued after 1992 when many small teams withdrew from the sport.[30][31]

107% rule

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主条目：107% rule

As the number of cars entered in the world championship fell below twenty-six, a situation arose in which any car entered would automatically qualify for the race, no matter how slowly it had been driven. The 107% rule was introduced in 1996年 to prevent completely uncompetitive cars being entered in the championship. If a car's qualifying time was not within 7% of the pole sitter's time, that car would not qualify for the race, unless at the discretion of the race stewards for a situation such as a rain-affected qualifying session. For example, if the pole-sitter's time was one minute and forty seconds, any car eligible for racing had to set a time within one minute and forty-seven seconds.[32]

The 107% rule was removed since the FIA's rules indicated previously that 24 cars could take the start of a Formula One race, and a minimum of twenty cars had to enter a race. In 2003年, the qualifying procedure changed to a single-lap system, rendering the rule inoperable. However, there were concerns about the pace of the new teams in the 2010 season. As the qualifying procedure had been changed since the 2006 season to a three-part knockout system, the rule could now be reintroduced. As such, the 107% rule was reintroduced in the 2011 Formula One season. Currently, cars eliminated in Q1 have to be within 7% of the fastest Q1 time in order to qualify for the race.[27][33]

Since the rule was re-introduced, only twice have cars failed to qualify for a Grand Prix—both times involving Hispania Racing cars and both times occurring at the Australian Grand Prix, namely in 2011 (Vitantonio Liuzzi and Narain Karthikeyan) and 2012 (Karthikeyan and Pedro de la Rosa). At their discretion, stewards may permit a driver who fails to set a qualifying time within the desired 107% span; for example, at the 2018 British Grand Prix, Lance Stroll and Brendon Hartley both failed to set times within 107%, but were permitted to race on the grounds of satisfactory lap times in free practice. After eleven drivers failed to set satisfactory Q1 times at the 2016 Hungarian Grand Prix due to inclement weather, the regulations were amended in 2018 so that wet sessions were not subject to the 107% rule.

Grid penalties

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Drivers or cars may be issued penalties against their starting positions, commonly for exceeding component limits, or sporting offences in free practice, qualifying, or a previous race. This can lead to the starting grid being significantly different from the qualifying order.

Sprint

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During the 2021 Formula One World Championship, Formula One trialed a "sprint qualifying" system at three Grands Prix—Britain, Italy, and São Paulo—in which the grid for the race on Sunday was determined by a 100 km (62 miles) sprint on Saturday.[34][35] On a race weekend with sprint qualifying, the sessions on Friday instead consist of one practice session and a traditional qualifying session, which is limited to soft tyres and sets the grid of sprint qualifying. Only the winner of the sprint qualifying will be considered to have taken pole position for the main Grand Prix, and they receive a trophy similar to the pole position trophy awarded at other race weekends. The top three finishers in sprint qualifying in 2021 received World Championship points in a 3–2–1 scoring system.[36] Formula One initially planned to extend the use of the format from the three events in 2021 to six events in the 2022 Formula One World Championship.[37] McLaren Racing CEO Zak Brown said these plans could be under threat with teams unable to agree on whether the sports budget cap should be increased (and if so by how much) to cover the cost of extra sprints.[38]

On 3 February 2022, it was reported that Formula One had offered a compromise plan to hold three sprints in 2022 (the same number as held in 2021) to try and ensure the format would not be dropped entirely from the 2022 championship.[39] For 2022 sprint qualifying was renamed purely to sprint. The weekend format remained unchanged from 2021 and is scheduled to be run at the Emilia Romagna, Austrian, and São Paulo Grands Prix with points now awarded to the top eight finishers rather than the top three finishers as was the case in 2021. Unlike the 2021 season, the driver who sets the fastest time in qualifying is credited as the official polesitter, unless penalized, with the winner of the sprint continuing to have the right to start the race from the first place grid spot.[40][41]

Race

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Formula One cars wind through the infield section of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway during the race for 2003 United States Grand Prix.
参见：Formula One regulations

The race itself is held on Sunday afternoon, with the exception of night races at Singapore, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia and a day/night race for the season finale in Abu Dhabi. The last race not to take place on a Sunday was the 1985 South African Grand Prix, which took place on a Saturday.

Race start

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Thirty minutes prior to race time, the cars take to the track for any number of warm-up laps (formally known as reconnaissance laps), provided they pass through the pit lane and not the grid, after which they assemble on the starting grid in the order they qualified.[42] At the hour of the race, a green light signifies the beginning of the relatively slow formation lap during which all cars parade around the course doing a final tyre warmup and system checks.[42] The cars then return to their assigned grid spot for the standing race start. The starting light system, which consists of five pairs of lights mounted above the start/finish line, then lights up each pair at one-second intervals. Once all five pairs are illuminated, after a random length of time (one to nine seconds), the red lights are turned off by the race director, at which point the race starts.[43] The race length is defined as the smallest number of complete laps that exceeds 305 kilometres (the Monaco Grand Prix is the sole exception with a race length of 78 laps / 260.5 km),[44] though occasionally some races are truncated due to special circumstances. The race can not exceed two hours in length—if this interval is reached, the race will be ended at the end of the next full lap—unless the race is halted by a red flag, in which case the total time including the red flag stoppage must not exceed three hours, and the total time excluding the red flag stoppage may not exceed two hours.[45] Although, at the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix, the three hour countdown was stopped with force majeure being cited.[46]

Pit stops

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参见：Formula One tyres

Each driver is also required to use two different types of dry compound during a dry race, and so must make a mandatory pit stop.[47] Timing pit stops with reference to other cars is crucial—if they are following another car but are unable to pass, the driver may try to stay on the track as long as possible, or pit immediately, as newer tyres are usually faster. Prior to the 2010 season, drivers used to make pit stops for fuel more than once during a race, as the cars on average traveled two kilometres per litre (approximately five miles per gallon). Nowadays this figure is higher, due to changes in engines from 2014, and as a result refuelling has been forbidden during a race since 2010年.[48] If a driver starts the race using intermediate or wet tyres, he is not mandated to make a pit stop.

Podium ceremony

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At the end of the race, the first, second and third-placed drivers take their places on a podium, where they stand as the national anthem of the race winner's home country and that of his team is played. Dignitaries from the country hosting the race then present trophies to the drivers and a constructor's trophy to a representative from the winner's team, and the winning drivers spray champagne and are interviewed, often by a former racing driver. The three drivers then go to a media room for a press conference where they answer questions in English and their native languages.

Points system

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主条目：List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems

Historical methods

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Historically, the races were scored on the basis of a five-place tally: i.e. via an 8–6–4–3–2 scoring system, with the holder of the fastest race lap also receiving a bonus point. In 1961, the scoring was revised to give the winner nine points instead of eight, and the single point awarded for fastest lap was given for sixth place for the first time the previous year. In 1991, the points system was again revised to give the victor 10 points, with all other scorers recording the same 6–4–3–2–1 result. In 2003, the FIA further revised the scoring system to apportion points to the first eight classified finishers (a classified finisher must complete 90% of race distance) on a 10–8–6–5–4–3–2–1 basis.[49]

At certain points between 1950 and 1990, drivers' points for the season would be tallied based on their best results across the World Championship, which varied from 4 to 11 in a season, and during the late 1960s and 1970s points would be tallied based on their best results from each half of the season, which varied from four to seven. This was done in order to equalise the footings of teams which may not have had the wherewithal to compete in all events. With the advent of the Concorde Agreements, this practice has been discontinued, though it did feature prominently in several world championships through the 1970s and 1980s, primarily in 1988 when Alain Prost had 105 points to Ayrton Senna's 94, but due to only the best 11 results counting towards the World Championship, Senna won, with the final points tally being 90–87.

Current system

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Position % completed 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Fastest Lap[50]
Points Awarded 75% - 100% 25 18 15 12 10 8 6 4 2 1 1
50% - 75% 19 14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 1
25% - 50% 13 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 None 1
2 laps - 25%[a] 6 4 3 2 1 None
<2 laps None

Points are awarded to drivers and teams based on where they finish in a race. The winner receives 25 points, the second-place finisher 18 points, with 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 and 1 points for positions 3 through 10, respectively.[51] One additional point is awarded to the driver and team with the fastest lap of the race, if they finish in the top 10 positions.[52] In a dead heat, prizes and points are added together and shared equally for all those drivers who tie. The winner of the annual championship is the driver (or team, for the Constructors' Championship) with the most points. If the number of points is the same, priority is given to the driver with more wins. If that is the same it will be decided on the most second places and so on.[53]

Notes

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  1. ^ At least two laps must be completed under green flag conditions

References

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  1. ^ His Serene Highness Prince Rainier of Monte Carlo awarded the first FIA Gold Medal for Motor Sport. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). 2004-10-14 [2008-10-30]. （原始内容存档于2007-11-15）. 
  2. ^ （英文）Manishin, Glenn B. The Early Years. [24 October 2011]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-18）. The minimum race distance was reduced from 500 km (311 miles) to 300 km (186 miles), allowing the Monaco Grand Prix to be re-introduced after a two-year interval in 1950 
  3. ^ All-Time Calendar. ChicaneF1. [24 November 2021]. （原始内容存档于24 November 2021）. 
  4. ^ Insider’s guide: How an F1 race weekend works. motorsport.com. 2022-01-17 [2022-07-28]. 
  5. ^ Barretto, Lawrence. How does the F1 Sprint work? The format explained for 2022. formula1.com. Formula One Administration. 2022-04-17 [2022-07-28]. 
  6. ^ Formula 1 to hold three Sprint events in 2022 – with more points on offer. formula1.com. 2022-02-15 [2022-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-07）. 
  7. ^ How Does F1 Practice Work? (FP1, FP2 & FP3 Explained). flowracers.com. [2022-07-28]. 
  8. ^ Practice and qualifying. formula1.com. Formula One Administration Ltd. [2010-09-28]. 
  9. ^ 2021 F1 rules: New regulations to offer more opportunities for young drivers. Formula1.com. 2019-11-01 [2019-11-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-01）. 
  10. ^ Straw, Edd. THE IMPACT OF F1’S PRACTICE CUT IS BIGGER THAN IT SEEMS. the-race.com. 2021-05-14 [2022-07-28]. 
  11. ^ Mitchell, Scott. F1 teams obliged to run rookies in two FP1 sessions in 2021. Autosport.com. 2019-11-01 [2019-11-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-01）. 
  12. ^ 2014 Formula One Sporting Regulations (PDF). FIA.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 28 February 2014 [20 April 2014]. 
  13. ^ Why are there no Thursday practice sessions at the 2022 Monaco Grand Prix?. marca.com. 2022-05-26 [2022-07-28]. 
  14. ^ F1 - 2022 FORMULA 1 updated START TIME INFORMATION. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 21 February 2022 [21 February 2022]. 
  15. ^ All you need to know about F1's qualifying rules. racingnews365.com. [2022-07-28]. 
  16. ^ Domenjoz, Luc. Sporting Regulations. Formula 1 Yearbook 1995. Chronosports Editeur. 1995: 216–217. ISBN 2-940125-06-6. 
  17. ^ Henry, Alan. Autocourse 1995–96. Hazelton Publishing. 1995: 211. ISBN 978-1-874557-36-4. 
  18. ^ "New Regulations for 1996". F1 Formula 1 96: A Champion and a Gentleman!. Duke Video. 1996. Event occurs at time 5:47–6:49.
  19. ^ The new rules for 1996. GrandPrix.com. 4 March 1996 [10 May 2014]. 
  20. ^ F1’S BEST AND WORST QUALIFYING FORMAT CHANGES. the-race.com. 2021-07-13 [2022-07-28]. 
  21. ^ Deciding the grid - A history of F1 qualifying formats. formula1.com. Formula One Administration. [2022-07-28]. 
  22. ^ F1 Commission Decision. FIA. 28 October 2002 [5 May 2014]. （原始内容存档于4 June 2004）. 
  23. ^ What's new for the 2004 season?. formula1.com (Formula One World Championship Limited). 3 March 2004 [10 May 2014]. 
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  25. ^ Benson, Andrew. Victory awaits Ferrari. BBC Sport (BBC). 27 May 2005 [10 May 2014]. 
  26. ^ Beer, Matt. No Sunday qualifying on ITV. Autosport (Haymarket Publications). 17 February 2005 [10 May 2014]. 
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  28. ^ 2019 FIA Formula One World Championship Entry List. Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. [18 February 2019] （英语）. 
  29. ^ The F1 FAQ. autosport.com. [31 January 2015]. 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 What do you mean, race-weekend?. effjuan. 6 July 2010 [31 January 2015]. 
  31. ^ Saward, Joe. Unlucky 13: The horrors of pre-qualifying. grandprix.com. Inside F1 Inc. 1 November 1989 [18 May 2022]. 
  32. ^ An Alternative to the 107% Rule. AtlasF1. [31 January 2015]. 
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  34. ^ Silverstone host first Sprint Qualifying at the 2021 Formula 1 British Grand Prix. www.silverstone.co.uk. 28 April 2021 [28 April 2021]. 
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  37. ^ Noble, Jonathan. Revealed: The six venues where F1 plans sprint races in 2022. www.autosport.com. Motorsport Network. [4 December 2021]. 
  38. ^ Noble, Jonathan. F1 money dispute could scupper 2022 sprint race plans. www.autosport.com. Motorsport Network. [18 January 2022]. 
  39. ^ Noble, Jonathan. F1 offers compromise plan for three sprints in 2022. www.motorsport.com. Motorsport Network. [3 February 2022]. 
  40. ^ Formula 1 to hold three Sprint events in 2022 – with more points on offer. www.formula1.com. Formula One. [14 February 2022]. 
  41. ^ Barretto, Lawrence. How does the F1 Sprint work? The format explained ahead of Imola. formula1.com. 17 April 2022 [15 June 2022]. 
  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 Glossary. Formula1.com. [31 January 2015]. （原始内容存档于2 August 2009）. 
  43. ^ Start of the race. formula1-dictionary.net. [31 January 2015]. 
  44. ^ Race distance. Formula1.com. [31 January 2015]. 
  45. ^ Pre-season Q&A with the FIA's Charlie Whiting. Formula1.com. 12 March 2012 [16 April 2016]. （原始内容存档于15 April 2012）. 
  46. ^ Belgian GP stewards push back time limit for the race after heavy rain delays running at Spa. Formula1. 29 August 2021 [2021-12-07] （英语）. 
  47. ^ Tyres. Formula1.com. [31 January 2015]. 
  48. ^ Refueling. formula1-dictionary.net. [31 January 2015]. 
  49. ^ Dougall, Angus. The Greatest Racing Driver. Balboa Press. 2013. ISBN 9781452510965. 
  50. ^ Only if the driver finish in a point scoring posistiom.
  51. ^ Formula 1 adopts new points system for 2010 season. BBC Sport (BBC). 2 February 2010 [10 May 2014]. 
  52. ^ Bonus point to be awarded for fastest lap in 2019. www.formula1.com. 11 March 2019 [9 March 2020]. 
  53. ^ Points. formula1.com (Formula One World Championship Limited). [10 May 2014]. 
编辑
  • Current Formula One Sporting Regulations – 2020. Published by the FIA on 23 November 2020.
  • Current Formula One Technical Regulations – 2020. Published by the FIA on 19 June 2020.
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Unkown_creature_666/沙盒:一級方程式賽車大獎賽&oldid=72980359”