維基百科

三月事件 (阿塞拜疆)

三月事件（亞塞拜然語：Mart hadisələri）是1918年3月30日至4月2日（俄國內戰期間）發生於外高加索委員部巴庫的種族武裝衝突事件[5][6]，布爾什維克軍隊與亞美尼亞民族主義組織亞美尼亞革命聯盟合作對抗亞塞拜然平等黨[7][8][9]。紐約時報報導指「俄羅斯人與穆斯林的衝突中共有2000人死亡與3000人受傷」[10]，隔年報導又稱共有12,000人罹難[11]。事後當地建立短暫的蘇維埃政權巴庫公社[12]。同年9月高加索伊斯蘭軍（英語：Islamic Army of the Caucasus）攻佔巴庫，爆發了上萬名亞美尼亞人被屠殺的九月事件[13][14]。

三月事件
阿塞拜疆—亞美尼亞戰爭、俄國內戰南線的一部分

巴庫被殺害的亞塞拜然人
日期1918年3月30日至4月2日
地點
外高加索委員部巴庫
參戰方
布爾什維克
亞美尼亞革命聯盟		 亞塞拜然平等黨
高加索土著騎兵師（英語：Caucasian Native Cavalry Division）
指揮官與領導者
邵武勉 梅姆德·埃明·拉蘇爾扎德
兵力
布爾什維克
6,000名士兵[1]
亞美尼亞革命聯盟
4,000名武裝人員[1]		 10,000名武裝人員[1]
傷亡與損失
2,500名亞美尼亞人[2] 3,000名[3]至12,000名穆斯林[4]

多數來源將三月事件解讀為內戰衝突[7][15][16][17][18]，亞塞拜然方則將此事件視為種族屠殺[19][20]，2013年9月18日庫巴的種族滅絕紀念碑由亞塞拜然總統伊利哈姆·阿利耶夫揭幕，紀念三月事件的罹難者[21]。

參考文獻

編輯
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hopkirk, Peter. Like hidden fire. The Plot to bring down the British Empire. New York: Kodansha Globe. 1994: 281, 283, 287. ISBN 1-56836-127-0. 
  2. ^ (Pasdermadjian 1918，第193頁)
  3. ^ (Altstadt 1992，第86頁)
  4. ^ Smith 2001，第228頁: "The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat. Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus."
  5. ^ New Republics in the Caucasus. The New York Times Current History. March 1920, 11 (2): 492. 
  6. ^ Michael Smith. Pamiat' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo/Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani. National Memory. Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia: obshchestva i gosudarstva (Azerbaijan and Russia: Societies and States). Sakharov Center. [21 August 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-01） （俄語）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 De Waal, Thomas. The Caucasus: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. 2010: 62. ISBN 978-0-19-539976-9. In the so called March Days of 1918, Baku descended into a mini-civil war, after the Bolsheviks declared war on Musavat Party and then stood by as Dashnak militias rampaged through the city, killing Azerbaijanis indiscriminately 
  8. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor. The revenge of the past:nationalism, revolution, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford University Press. 1993: 41–42. ISBN 0-8047-2247-1. 
  9. ^ Buttino, Marco. In a collapsing empire:underdevelopment, ethnic conflicts and nationalisms in the Soviet Union Volume 28. Feltrinelli Editor. 1993: 176. ISBN 88-07-99048-2. Violence increased during the Civil War, with massacres of Azeri Turks – by the combined forced of Armenian Dashnaktsutiun party and the Bolsheviks 
  10. ^ BAKU IN FLAMES AS BATTLE RAGES; 2,000 Killed and 3,000 Wounded in Struggle Between Russians and Mussulmans. New York Times. 20 May 1918: 2 [18 August 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2014-04-14）. 
  11. ^ Land of Eternal Fires: So the little Republic of Azerbaidjan is called – Its territorial dispute with Armenia (PDF). New York Times. 19 October 1919 [22 August 2011]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-12-04）. 
  12. ^ Cronin, Stephanie. Reformers and revolutionaries in modern Iran: new perspectives on the Iranian left. Psychology Press. 2004: 91. ISBN 0-415-33128-5. After the 'March Days', the Bolsheviks finally came to power and established their famous Baku Commune in April 1918 
  13. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California press. 1967: 227. ISBN 0-520-00574-0. 
  14. ^ Croissant, Michael P. The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications. London: Praeger. 1998: 15. ISBN 0-275-96241-5. 
  15. ^ Shahumyan, Stepan. Letters 1896–1918. Yerevan: State Publishing House of Armenia. 1959: 63–67. On one side were fighting the Soviet Red Guard; the Red International Army, recently organized by us; the Red Fleet, which we had succeeded in reorganizing in a short time; and Armenian national units. On the other side the Muslim Savage Division in which there were quite a few Russian officers, and bands of armed Muslims, led by the Musavat Party... For us the results of the battle were brilliant. The destruction of the enemy was complete... More than three thousand were killed on both sides 
  16. ^ (Pasdermadjian 1918，第193頁)
  17. ^ (Suny 1972，第217–221頁)
  18. ^ Croissant, Michael. The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1998: 14. ISBN 0-275-96241-5. The oil-rich city of Baku had emerged as a stronghold of Bolshevism shortly after the October Russian Revolution, and friction between the Bolsheviks and the pan-Turkic Musavat party sparked a brief civil war in March 1918 
  19. ^ Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani people, March 1998
  20. ^ PACE Written Declaration, "Recognition of the genocide perpetrated against the Azeri population by the Armenians", Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Doc. 9066 2nd edition, 14 May 2001. （原始內容存檔於7 June 2007）. 
  21. ^ Genocide Memorial Complex opened in Guba. www.news.az. [13 May 2014]. （原始內容存檔於29 September 2018）. 
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