維基百科

巨大質量恆星列表

維基媒體列表條目

這是一份有關巨大質量恆星的列表，依太陽質量的多寡排列（1太陽質量=太陽的質量而不是太陽系的質量）。

恆星質量是恆星最重要的一個要素。質量加上化學成分能確定一顆恆星的光度、它實際上的大小和它最後的命運。列在表上的恆星，由於它們的質量非常巨大，到最後大多都會爆發成超新星甚至是極超新星，然後形成黑洞。

不確定性和警告

編輯
 
藝術家筆下的遠觀巨大質量恆星

表中所列出的恆星質量都是從理論上推測的，依據的是恆星很難測定的溫度和絕對星等。所有列出的恆星質量都是不確定的：因為天文學家已經將目前的理論和測量技術發揮到了極限，而無論是理論或觀測，只要有一個錯誤，或是兩者都錯，結果就會不正確。例如仙王座VV變星，依據這顆恆星特有的產物估算，質量就可能是太陽的25至40倍，或是100倍。

大質量恆星是很罕見的，表中列出的恆星距離都在數千光年以上，它們孤單地存在著，使距離很難測量。除了很遠之外，這些質量極端巨大的恆星似乎都被噴發出來的氣體雲氣包圍著；周圍的氣體會遮蔽恆星的光度，使原本就很難測量的光度和溫度更難測量，並且也使測量他們內部化學成分變成更加複雜的問題。[1]

另一方面，雲氣的遮蔽也阻礙了觀測，而難以確認是一顆大質量恆星，還是多星系統。下表中必然有一定數量的恆星也許是軌道極近的聯星，每一顆恆星的質量必然也不小，但不一定是巨大的質量；這些系統仍然可以二選一的是一顆或多顆大質量恆星，或有許多質量不大的伴星。因此表中許多恆星的質量經常是目前被研究的主題，質量經常被重測，而且經常被校正。[2]

表中列出的質量中，數據最可靠的恆星是HD 97950 A1[3]、WR 21a和WR 20a，因為兩者都是聯星系統（兩顆恆星沿著軌道互繞）。天文學家能夠運用克卜勒行星運動定律，經由研究它們的軌道運動可以測量出兩顆恆星各自的質量。此外，這三者還都是食雙星，還可以測量徑向速度和光度曲線來測量質量。

恆星演化

編輯
主條目：恆星演化

一定數量的恆星也許已經拋出了比目前估計還要多的質量，但因為這些巨額質量的流失是經由次級的假超新星爆炸事件產生的，因此可能已經拋出了10倍於太陽的質量。也會有一定數量的超新星和極超新星殘骸，它們的質量可以依據在爆炸前觀測到的前超新星或前極超新星的質量，和超新星或極超新星爆炸時的能量和事件的類型來估計。[4]這種恆星（如果還未爆炸）將很容易出現在這張表中（但是它們也可能不在表中）。

巨大質量的恆星列表

編輯
圖例
沃爾夫-拉葉星
高光度藍變星
O型星
B型星
 
由左至右：紅矮星、太陽、藍矮星和R136a1
 
海山二
 
大犬座VY
 
圓拱星團
 
天鵝座 OB2-12
 
Sher 25
 
R136a
 
參宿一

太陽質量60倍以上的恆星：

恆星名稱 質量(太陽=1) 距離(光年) 視星等 有效溫度(K) 估算方法 鏈接 參考文獻
BAT99-98 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 226 165000 13.38 45000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][6]
R136a1 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 224 163000 12.28 46000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [7][6]
R136a7 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 199 163000 13.97 49000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
BAT99-105 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 189 163000 12.78 47300 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
R136a2 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 187 163000 12.34 50000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [7][6]
VFTS 1022 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 178 164000 13.47 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
R136a5 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 171 157000 13.71 47000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
R136a4 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 167 157000 13.41 48000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
HSH95-46 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 160 163000 14.56 49000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
R136a3 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 154 163000 12.97 50000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [7][6]
VFTS 682 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 153 164000 16.08 52200 質光關係 SIMBAD [9][6]
HD 15558 A (位於心臟星雲內的IC 1805) 152 24400 7.87 39500 雙星系統 SIMBAD [10][11]
HSH95-36 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 149 163000 14.41 52000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
BAT99-116 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 147 163000 13.09 53000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [12][6]
VFTS 482 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 145 164000 12.95 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
R136c (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 142 163000 13.43 51000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [13][6]
VFTS 1021 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 141 164000 13.35 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
LH 10-3209 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1763) 140 160000 11.859 42500 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
VFTS 506 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 138 164000 13.31 47300 質光關係 SIMBAD [9][6]
BAT99-116 B (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 136 163000 13.09 53000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [12][6]
VFTS 545 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 133 164000 13.32 47300 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
HD 97950 B (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 132 24800 11.33 42000 質光關係 SIMBAD [3][16]
HD 269810 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2029) 130 163000 12.22 52500 質光關係 SIMBAD [17][18]
HSH95-73 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 127 163000 15.13 33000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
WR 42e (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 123 25000 14.53 43000 系統彈出 SIMBAD [20]
R136a6 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 121 157000 13.35 53000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
HD 97950 A1a (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 120 24800 11.18 42000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [3][16]
LSS 4067 (位於HM 1) 120 11000 11.44 40000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][22]
R136b (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 120 163000 13.24 37000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
WR 93 (位於NGC 6357內的匹斯密斯24) 120 5900 10.68 71000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
Sk -69° 212 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 119 160000 12.416 45400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
Sk -69° 249 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2074) 119 160000 12.02 38900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][24]
ST5-31 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 119 160000 12.273 50700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][25]
MSP 183 (位於維斯特盧2) 115 20000 13.878 46300 質光關係 SIMBAD [26][27]
WR 24 (位於船底座星雲的科林德228) 114 14000 6.48 50100 恆星演化 SIMBAD [28][29]
HD 97950 C1 (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 113 24800 11.89 44000 質光關係 SIMBAD [3][16]
圓拱星團-F9 (位於圓拱星團) 111.3 25000 16.1 (J波段) 36600 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
天鵝座OB2#12 A (位於天鵝座OB2) 110 5200 11.702 13700 質光關係 SIMBAD [32][33]
HD 93129 Aa (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒14) 110 7500 6.9 42500 三星系統 SIMBAD [34][11]
R146 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 109 164000 13.11 63000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][6]
VFTS 621 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 107 164000 15.39 54000 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
WR 21a A (來自維斯特盧2的速逃星) 103.6 26100 12.661 45000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [35][18]
R99 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的N44) 103 164000 11.52 28000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][11]
HSH95-47 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 102 163000 14.72 47000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
圓拱星團-F6 (位於圓拱星團) 101 25000 15.75 (J波段) 33900 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
Sk -65° 47 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1923) 101 160000 12.466 47800 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
圓拱星團-F1 (位於圓拱星團) 100.9 25000 16.3 (J波段) 33200 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
牡丹星 (靠近銀心) 100 26000 12.98 (J波段) 25100 質光關係 SIMBAD [36][37]
VFTS 457 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 100 164000 13.74 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
海山二 A (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16) 100 7500 4.3 9400-35200 質光關係 SIMBAD [38][39]
默瑟30-1 A (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30) 99 40000 10.33 (J波段) 32200 恆星演化 SIMBAD [40]
Sk -68° 137 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 99 160000 13.346 50000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
HSH95-48 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 98 163000 14.75 49000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
WR 25 A (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16) 98 6500 8.8 50100 恆星演化 SIMBAD [28][11]
BI 253 (來自大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲的速逃星) 97.6 164000 13.76 54000 質光關係 SIMBAD [13][41]
R136a8 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 96 157000 14.42 51000 質光關係 SIMBAD [19][6]
HD 38282 B (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 95 163000 11.11 47000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [42][18]
HM 1-6 (位於HM 1) 95 11000 11.64 44700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][43]
NGC 3603-42 (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 95 25000 12.86 50000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][16]
R139 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 95 163000 11.94 35000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [5][6]
BAT99-6 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1747) 94 165000 11.95 165000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
HSH95-49 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 94 163000 14.75 48000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
Sk -66° 172 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的N64) 94 160000 13.1 46300 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
ST2-22 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 94 160000 14.3 51300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][44]
VFTS 259 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 94 164000 13.65 37600 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 562 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 94 164000 13.66 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 512 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 93 164000 14.28 47300 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
HD 97950 A1b (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 92 24800 11.18 40000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [3][16]
VFTS 16 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 91.6 164000 13.55 50600 質光關係 SIMBAD [13][6]
HD 97950 A3 (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 91 24800 12.95 50000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][16]
NGC 346-W1 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346) 91 200000 12.57 43400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][45]
HSH95-45 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 90 163000 14.65 42000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
R127 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2055) 90 160000 10.15 18500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [46][18]
VFTS 333 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 90 164000 12.49 37600 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 267 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 89 164000 13.49 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 64 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 88 164000 14.621 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][15]
BAT99-80 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 87 165000 13 45000 質光關係 SIMBAD [23][44]
R140b (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 87 165000 12.66 47000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][6]
VFTS 542 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 87 164000 13.47 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 599 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 87 164000 13.8 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
WR 89 (位於HM 1) 87 11000 11.02 39800 恆星演化 SIMBAD [28][18]
圓拱星團-F7 (位於圓拱星團) 86.3 25000 15.74 (J波段) 32900 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
Sk -69° 104 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910) 86 160000 12.1 39900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
VFTS 1017 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 86 164000 14.5 50100 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
布雷21 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910) 85 160000 11.29 71000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
LH 10-3061 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1763) 85 160000 13.491 52000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
Sk 80 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346) 85 200000 12.31 38900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][47]
VFTS 603 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 85 164000 13.99 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
Sk -70° 91 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的BSDL 1830) 84.09 165000 12.78 48900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [48][15]
R147 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 84 164000 12.993 47300 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][49]
HD 93250 A (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16) 83.3 7500 7.5 46000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [50][11]
HSH95-30 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 83 163000 14.21 37000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
WR 20a A (位於維斯特盧2) 82.7 20000 13.28 43000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [51]
OGLE-ECL-17 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2048) 82 160000 14.05 45000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
WR 20a B (位於維斯特盧2) 81.9 20000 13.28 43000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [51]
川普勒27-27 (位於川普勒27) 81 3900 13.31 37000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][18]
BAT99-96 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 80 165000 13.76 42000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][6]
HD 15570 (位於心臟星雲內的IC 1805) 80 7500 8.11 46000 質光關係 SIMBAD [10][11]
HD 38282 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 80 163000 11.11 47000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [42][18]
HSH95-70 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 80 163000 14.96 47000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
圓拱星團-F15 (位於圓拱星團) 79.7 25000 16.12 (J波段) 35600 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
BI 237 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的BSDL 2527) 79.66 165000 13.83 51300 質光關係 SIMBAD [48][15]
VFTS 94 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 79 164000 14.161 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][15]
VFTS 151 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 79 164000 14.13 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
HSH95-31 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 78 163000 14.12 48000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
LH 41-32 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910) 78 160000 13.086 48200 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
匹斯密斯24-17 (位於NGC 6357內的匹斯密斯24) 78 5900 11.84 42700 質光關係 SIMBAD [52][43]
VFTS 404 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 78 164000 14.14 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
HSH95-112 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 77 163000 15.74 36000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
BAT99-68 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的BSDL 2505) 76 165000 14.13 45000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
HD 93632 (位於船底座星雲的科林德228) 76 10000 8.23 45400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
NGC 346-W3 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346) 76 200000 12.8 52500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][45]
VFTS 169 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 76 164000 14.437 47300 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][15]
VFTS 440 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 76 164000 12.046 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][15]
AB1 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的DEM S10) 75 197000 15.238 79000 質光關係 SIMBAD [53][45]
WR 22 A (位於船底座星雲的波鴻10) 75 8300 6.42 44700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [28][11]
匹斯密斯24-1NE (位於NGC 6357內的匹斯密斯24) 74 6500 11 42500 雙星系統 SIMBAD [52][54]
VFTS 608 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 74 164000 14.22 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
默瑟30-3 (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30) 73 40000 12.62 (J波段) 39300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [40]
默瑟30-11 (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30) 73 40000 12.33 (J波段) 36800 恆星演化 SIMBAD [40]
VFTS 566 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 73 164000 14.05 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
LH 64-16 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2001) 72 160000 13.666 50900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][25]
NGC 2044-W35 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 72 160000 14.1 48200 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
VFTS 216 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 72 164000 14.389 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][15]
HSH95-58 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 71 163000 14.8 50000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
ST2-1 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 71 160000 14.3 44100 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][44]
VFTS 3 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 71 164000 11.56 21000 質光關係 SIMBAD [55][6]
圓拱星團-F12 (位於圓拱星團) 70 25000 16.4 (J波段) 36900 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
布雷50 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2033) 70 165000 13.25 117000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
HD 15629 (位於心臟星雲內的IC 1805) 70 7500 8.42 45900 質光關係 SIMBAD [10][11]
HD 37974 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的N135) 70 163000 10.99 22500 質光關係 SIMBAD [56][18]
HD 93129 Ab (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒14) 70 7500 7.31 44000 三星系統 SIMBAD [34][57]
M33 X-7 B (位於三角座星系) 70 2700000 18.7 35000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [58][59]
Sk -69° 194 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2033) 70 160000 12.131 45000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][49]
VFTS 125 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 69.6 164000 16.6 55200 質光關係 SIMBAD [13][44]
HD 46150 (位於薔薇星雲內的NGC 2244) 69 5200 6.73 44000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][11]
HD 229059 (位於伯克利87) 69 3000 8.7 26300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
ST2-3 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 69 160000 14.264 44900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
ST2-32 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 69 160000 13.903 45400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
W28-23 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2033) 69 160000 13.702 51300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][25]
HD 93403 A (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16) 68.5 10400 8.27 39300 雙星系統 SIMBAD [60][18]
HD 93130 (位於船底座星雲的科林德228) 68 10000 8.04 39900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
HM 1-8 (位於HM 1) 68 11000 12.52 46100 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][43]
HSH95-75 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 68 163000 15.08 39000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
BAT99-93 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 67 165000 13.446 45000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
Sk -69° 200 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2033) 67 160000 11.18 26300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
圓拱星團-F18 (位於圓拱星團) 66.9 25000 16.7 (J波段) 36900 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
圓拱星團-F4 (位於圓拱星團) 66.4 25000 15.63 (J波段) 36800 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
BAT99-59 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2020) 66 165000 13.186 71000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
BAT99-104 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 66 165000 12.5 63000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
HD 5980 B (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346) 66 200000 11.31 45000 三星系統 SIMBAD [61][57]
HD 190429 A (靠近巴納德146) 66 7800 6.63 46000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [62][11]
LH 31-1003 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1858) 66 160000 13.186 41900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
LH 114-7 位於大麥哲倫星系內的N70) 66 160000 13.66 50000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
匹斯密斯24-1SW (位於NGC 6357內的匹斯密斯24) 66 6500 11.1 40000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [52][54]
BAT99-126 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081) 65 165000 13.166 71000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
HSH95-89 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 65 163000 14.76 44000 質光關係 SIMBAD [19]
VFTS 63 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 65 164000 14.4 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][44]
VFTS 145 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 65 164000 14.3 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 518 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 65 164000 15.11 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
BD+43° 3654 (來自天鵝座OB2的速逃星) 64.6 5400 10.06 40400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [63][57]
BAT99-129 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的DEM L294) 64 165000 14.701 79000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
HSH95-68 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 64 163000 15.15 43000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
Sk -69° 25 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1748) 64 160000 11.886 43600 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
川普勒27-23 (位於川普勒27) 64 3900 10.09 27500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][18]
HD 46223 (位於薔薇星雲內的NGC 2244) 63 5200 7.28 46000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][11]
HD 64568 (位於船尾座OB2內的NGC 2467) 63 16000 9.39 54000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][18]
HD 303308 (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16) 63 9200 8.17 51300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][18]
HR 6187 A (位於天壇座OB1內的NGC 6193) 63 4300 5.54 46500 七星系統 SIMBAD [64][11]
LH 10-3058 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1763) 63 160000 14.089 54000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
ST5-71 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2074) 63 160000 13.266 45400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
AB9 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的DEM S80) 62 197000 15.431 100000 質光關係 SIMBAD [53][45]
布雷32 B (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1966) 62 165000 12.32 43600 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
HD 93160 (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒14) 62 8000 7.6 42700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
LH 41-1017 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910) 62 160000 12.266 42700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
默瑟30-6a A (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30) 62 40000 10.39 (J波段) 29900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [40]
ST4-18 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081) 62 160000 13.639 44800 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
VFTS 664 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 62 164000 13.937 39900 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][15]
HD 229196 (位於天鵝座OB9) 61.6 5000 8.59 40900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [63][43]
AB8 B (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 602) 61 197000 12.83 45000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [61][65]
BAT99-79 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 61 165000 13.486 42000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
HD 5980 A (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346) 61 200000 11.31 37000 三星系統 SIMBAD [61][57]
HSH95-64 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 61 163000 15.03 40000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
LH 41-18 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910) 61 160000 12.586 38500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
默瑟30-9 A (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30) 61 40000 12.25 (J波段) 34500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [40]
ST5-25 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2074) 61 160000 13.551 48600 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][25]
VFTS 422 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 61 164000 15.14 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
WR 102hb (位於五合星團) 61 26000 13.9 (J波段) 25100 恆星演化 SIMBAD [66][67]
Sk -67° 166 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的GKK-A144) 60.68 160000 12.22 41800 質光關係 SIMBAD [48][15]
Sk -67° 167 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的GKK-A144) 60.68 160000 12.586 41800 質光關係 SIMBAD [48][15]
Sk -71° 46 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的BSDL 2242) 60.68 160000 13.241 41800 質光關係 SIMBAD [48][15]
布雷10 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1770) 60 165000 12.69 117000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
布雷94 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081) 60 165000 12.996 83000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
布雷95a A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081) 60 165000 12.2 83000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][68]
默瑟30-7 A (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30) 60 40000 11.52 (J波段) 41400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [40]
R134 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 60 164000 12.75 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
R142 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 60 164000 11.82 18000 質光關係 SIMBAD [55][6]
R143 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 60 160000 12.014 27000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [46][15]
Sk -69° 142a (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1983) 60 160000 11.093 34000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [46][49]
Sk -69° 259 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081) 60 160000 11.93 23000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
Var 83 (位於三角座星系) 60 3000000 16.027 27500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [69][70]
VFTS 430 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 60 164000 15.11 24500 質光關係 SIMBAD [55][6]

一些常見的質量在60個太陽質量之下的恆星：

恆星名稱 質量(太陽=1) 距離(光年) 視星等 有效溫度(K) 估算方法 鏈接 參考文獻
弧矢增二十二 (位於船帆座分子雲脊內的船帆座R2) 56.1 1080 2.25 40000 質光關係 SIMBAD [62][11]
造父三 (來自仙王座OB3的速逃星) 51.4 3100 5.05 36000 質光關係 SIMBAD [62][11]
弧矢增六 Aa (位於NGC 2362) 50 5120 4.89 32000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [71][11]
參宿二 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 44 2000 1.69 27500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [72][11]
伐二 A (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 39 1500 5.02 34900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [73][74]
少衛/紫微右垣六 (來自NGC 1502的速逃星) 37.6 6000 4.29 29000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [75][11]
天津增九 (位於天鵝座OB1內的IC 4996) 37 5100 4.82 18700 質光關係 SIMBAD [76][11]
尾宿三 (位於天蠍座OB1內的NGC 6231) 36 8210 4.705 17200 質光關係 SIMBAD [77][78]
參宿一 Aa (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 33 1260 2.08 29500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [79]
伐一C1 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶四邊形星團) 33 1340 5.13 39000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [80][11]
王良二 (位於仙后座OB14) 33 4000 4.16 23500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [81][11]
海山二 B (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16) 30 7500 4.3 37200 雙星系統 SIMBAD [82][39]
天社一 B (位於船帆座OB2) 28.5 1230 1.83 35000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [83][11]
觜宿一 A (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座λ星協) 27.9 1100 3.54 37700 質光關係 SIMBAD [84][85]
捲舌三 (位於英仙座OB2內的加州星雲) 26.1 1200 4.04 35000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [75][11]
WR 79a (位於天蠍座OB1內的NGC 6231) 24.4 5600 5.77 35000 質光關係 SIMBAD [86][11]
參宿三 Aa1 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 24 1200 2.5 29500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [87][88]
伐三 Aa1 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的NGC 1980) 23.1 1340 2.77 32500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [89][90]
WR 78 (位於天蠍座OB1內的NGC 6231) 22 4100 6.48 50100 質光關係 SIMBAD [28][29]
軍市增五 (位於科林德121) 21.4 2800 3.043 15500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [91][11]
參宿七 A (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 21 860 0.13 12100 恆星演化 SIMBAD [92][11]
弧矢二 (位於科林德121) 21 2000 2.45 15000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [81][11]
天市右垣十一/韓 (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的上天蠍次集團) 20.2 370 2.569 34000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [75][11]
參宿增三十六 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 20 2900 4.618 33400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [93][94]
參宿增一 Aa (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 18 1260 4.07 35000 質光關係 SIMBAD [95][96]
屎 (來自獵戶四邊形星團的速逃星) 16 1300 5.18 33000 質光關係 SIMBAD [97][11]
參宿六 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 15.5 650 2.09 26500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [71][11]
天津增二十八 (位於天鵝座OB4) 15 3260 4.233 10800 恆星演化 SIMBAD [98][99]
南船三 A (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的IC 2602) 14.9 460 2.76 31000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [71][100]
伐二 B (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 14.8 1500 6.38 29300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [101]
捲舌四 (位於英仙座OB2) 14.5 750 2.86 20800 恆星演化 SIMBAD [71][11]
參宿增一 B (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 14 1260 4.07 31000 質光關係 SIMBAD [95][96]
軍市一 (位於本地泡) 13.5 490 1.985 23200 恆星演化 SIMBAD [102][103]
捲舌二 A (位於英仙座α星團) 13.5 640 2.88 26500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [71][104]
伐三 Aa2 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的NGC 1980) 13.1 1340 2.77 27000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [89][90]
房宿三 A (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的上天蠍次集團) 13 440 2.307 27400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [105][106]
參宿增一 Ab (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 13 1260 4.07 29000 質光關係 SIMBAD [95][96]
蒼蠅座θ Aa (位於半人馬座OB1) 11.5 7400 5.53 83000 質光關係 SIMBAD [107][11]
天社一 A (位於船帆座OB2) 9 1230 1.83 57000 質光關係 SIMBAD [83][11]
心宿增四 A (位於蛇夫座ρ星雲複合體) 8.7 360 4.63 22000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [108][11]
心宿二 B (位於環泡1) 7.2 550 5.5 18500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [105][85]
畢宿八 A (位於雙魚-波江座星流) 7.18 480 3.47 18700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [71][109]
天船五 (位於英仙座α星團) 7 520 3.01 14900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [110][100]
天船四 (位於英仙座α星團) 6.2 580 4.31 16000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [110][11]
孔雀十一 (位於杜鵑-時鐘座星協) 5.91 180 1.94 17700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [111][90]
昴宿六 A (位於昴宿星團) 5.9 440 2.87 12300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [112][11]
天狼增四 (位於科林德121) 5.6 440 4.1 13600 恆星演化 SIMBAD [110][113]
蓋屋一 (位於雙魚-波江座星流) 4.3 440 4.71 13500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [110][114]
天庾一 (位於雙魚-波江座星流) 3.65 370 4.69 13400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [115][11]
天園三 (位於杜鵑-時鐘座星協) 3.55 150 3.55 13700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [116][117]
小斗七 (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的蝘蜓座η移動星群) 3.2 310 5.453 12500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [110][57]
小斗二 (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的蝘蜓座ε移動星群) 2.87 360 4.91 10900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [118][100]
蛇腹二 (位於杜鵑-時鐘座星協) 2.64 150 4.12 11000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [119][110]
鳥喙四 A (位於杜鵑-時鐘座星協) 2.5 140 4.37 10600 恆星演化 SIMBAD [120][85]
羽林軍二十五 (位於雙魚-波江座星流) 2 320 5.66 10600 恆星演化 SIMBAD [110][121]
太陽 (位於太陽系) 1 0.0000158 -26.744 5772 測定標準 NASA [122][123][124]

黑洞

編輯
主條目：黑洞

黑洞是巨型恆星的最終演化物。理論上它們不是恆星，它們核心不再引起核聚變。另外，理論上存在的微黑洞與恆星演化無關。

愛丁頓光度極限

編輯
主條目：愛丁頓光度

天文學家經過長期推論的結果顯示，一顆原恆星成長到120倍太陽質量以上時必然會猛烈爆炸。很早期的第三星族星可以超過這個極限，如果目前宇宙存在任何質量超過120倍太陽質量的恆星，它們將對現時的恆星演化理論產生疑慮。

質量極限出現的原因是因為擁有更巨大質量的恆星在消耗燃料的速率更快，比其他中小質量的恆星更加巨大。如果一顆巨型恆星在恆星核心引起核聚變所發岀的壓力發光能量超出它本身內部拉扯重力，就稱為愛丁頓極限。在超過這個極限時，恆星將會開始推擠自己，或流失足夠的質量使內部降低到至恆星可以承受的速率。在理論上，由於恆星風會讓許多物質流出，一顆更巨大的恆星不能一直維持如此巨大的質量。[128]

天文學家在研究銀河系已知恆星最密集的星群：圓拱星團後，證實在那裏不存在質量達到150倍太陽質量的恆星，但經過對大麥哲倫雲星系的R136超星團研究後，卻發現了多顆超過這一極限的恆星，這些超大的恆星很有可能是合併的產物。[129]

參見

編輯

參考文獻

編輯
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