黑豹黨
黑人革命的社會主義組織
此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 (2021年4月25日) |
黑豹黨（英語：Black Panther Party，縮寫為BPP）是美國歷史上的一個由非裔美國人組成的黑人民族主義和共產主義政黨[1][2]。1966年，由巴比·希爾與休伊·牛頓在加州奧克蘭創立，其宗旨主要為促進美國黑人的民權，另外他們也主張黑人應該有更為積極的正當防衛權利，即使使用武力也是合理的。1982年，該黨解散[3]。
黑豹黨 Black Panther Party | |
|---|---|
 黑豹黨標誌 | |
| 領袖 | 休伊·牛頓 |
| 成立 | 1966年 |
| 解散 | 1982年 |
| 意識形態 | 共產主義 馬克思列寧主義 黑人權力 婦女主義 黑人民族主義（早期） |
| 政治立場 | 極左翼 |
| 官方色彩 | 黑色 |
| 美國政治 政黨 · 選舉 | |
黑豹黨唯一的海外支部在阿爾及利亞，存在於1969年—1972年。
參見
編輯參考文獻
編輯引用
編輯- ^ Joseph, Peniel. Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America. Henry Holt. 2006: 219.
- ^ Van Deburg, William L. New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975. University of Chicago Press. 1992: 155.
- ^ Meghelli, Samir, "From Harlem to Algiers: Transnational Solidarities Between the African American Freedom Movement and Algeria, 1962-1978", Marable, Manning (編), Black Routes to Islam, Palgrave Macmillan: 99–119., 2009
來源
編輯- Austin, Curtis J. (2006). Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party. University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 1-55728-827-5
- Alkebulan, Paul. Survival Pending Revolution: The History of the Black Panther Party (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2007)
- Barker, Thomas. Black and White: The Liberal Media and the Ideology of Black Victimhood. CounterPunch, February 13, 2015. http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/02/13/the-liberal-media-and-the-ideology-of-black-victimhood/（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Blackmon, Janiece L. I Am Because We Are: Africana Womanism as a Vehicle of Empowerment and Influence. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute. 2008.
- Bloom, Joshua; Martin, Jr., Waldo E. Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. University of California Press. 2012: 315 [2015-05-24]. ISBN 9780520953543. （原始內容存檔於2016-06-24）.
- Brown, Elaine. A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story. Anchor. 1993. ISBN 0-679-41944-6.
- Churchill, Ward and Vander Wall, Jim (1988). Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret War Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement. South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-294-6
- Dooley, Brian (1998). Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland and Black America. Pluto Press.
- Forbes, Flores A. (2006). Will You Die With Me? My Life and the Black Panther Party. Atria Books. ISBN 0-7434-8266-2
- Hilliard, David, and Cole, Lewis (1993). This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party. Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 0-316-36421-5
- Lewis, John (1998). Walking with the Wind. Simon and Schuster, p. 353. ISBN 0-684-81065-4
- Murch, Donna. Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, University of North Carolina, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8078-7113-3
- Pearson, Hugh (1994), The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America, De Capo Press. ISBN 0-201-48341-6
- Rhodes, Jane. Framing the Black Panthers: The Spectacular Rise of a Black Power Icon (New York: The New Press, 2007).
- Shames, Stephen. "The Black Panthers," Aperture, 2006. A photographic essay of the organization, allegedly suppressed due to Spiro Agnew's intervention in 1970.
- Swirski, Peter. "1960s The Return of the Black Panther: Irving Wallace's The Man." Ars Americana Ars Politica. Montreal, London: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7735-3766-8
- Williams, Yohuru and Lazerow, Jama (eds), In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement, Duke University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8223-3890-1
外部連結
編輯- Seattle Black Panther Party History and Memory Project （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） The largest collection of materials on any single chapter.
- FBI file on the BPP
- Incidents attributed to the Black Panthers at the START database （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Archives
- UC Berkeley Social Activism Online Sound Recordings: The Black Panther Party （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Hartford Web Publishing collection of BPP documents （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- The Black Panther Party Newspaper, Electronic Archive, Published in Black Thought and Culture, Alexander Street Press, Alexandria, VA 2005.（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- http://zinnedproject.org/materials/what-we-want-what-we-believe-teaching-with-the-black-panthers-ten-point-program/ （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, 7-page lesson plan for high school students, 2001, Zinn Education Project/Rethinking Schools.
- The Party's Over （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, a 1978 profile and history of the Party by New Times magazine.
- Benjamin R. Young, "'Our Common Struggle against Our Common Enemy': North Korea and the American Radical Left," NKIDP e-Dossier no. 14, Woodrow Wilson Center.（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） An essay and selection of primary sources on the Black Panther Party's ties with North Korea in the late 1960s.