α-变形菌

细菌的一纲

α-变形菌Alphaproteobacteria)是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)下的一个[3]。此纲的成员变异性极大,且共通点极少,但他们确实系出同源。α-变形菌大多都是革兰氏阴性菌,而有些包内寄生的物种缺少肽聚糖,而造成革兰氏染色变异。[3][4]

α-变形菌纲
穿透式电子显微镜下的昆虫细胞,细胞被沃尔巴克体(Wolbachia)感染
授权:Public Library of Science / Scott O'Neill
科学分类 编辑
域: 细菌域 Bacteria
界: 细菌界 Bacteria
门: 变形菌门 Pseudomonadota
纲: α-变形菌纲 Alphaproteobacteria
亚纲

特性 编辑

α-变形菌包含多种细菌,其中包含光自营细菌、植物共生菌(如根瘤菌)、内共生细菌(如Wolbachia),和胞内寄生细菌(如立克次体)。

此外,本纲还包含已灭绝的Proto-mitochondrion英语Proto-mitochondrion真核生物的祖先摄入了此种细菌,进行内共生作用,成为后来的线粒体[2]。还有一种生物技术上很喜欢使用的农杆菌(Rhizobium radiobacter)也是本纲成员,科学家常常使用本物种来将外来DNA导入植物基因体中。[5]另外,一些光自营生物像是遍在远洋杆菌Pelagibacter ubique)也属于此纲,α-变形菌的微生物可能占了海洋微生物的10%左右。

演化及基因体 编辑

关于本纲所属的目,有人反对现行的分类法,尤其是Pelagibacterales英语Pelagibacterales的地位,但大体上大家还是普遍接受。细菌的分类学一直是分类学家相当头痛的问题,因为细菌的基因会彼此互相交流,且基因歧异度相当高(像是遍在远洋杆菌由于他的寄生行为,就会精简化他的基因体)。在某些目中,其成员的GC含量变异也大的夸张[2]。举个例子,像是Pelagibacterales立克次体目Rickettsiales)和Holosporales三者的基因体都含有高AT含量,有人认为那其实是趋同演化所导致的假象[6][7][8],而反对方也有他们自己的论述[2][9][10][11]。后来有人发现用以判断分类依据的rRNA中,GC含量好像好像不太会受基因体变异影响。因此,rRNA中GC含量较高的 Holosporales 就被和低GC含量的Pelagibacterales立克次体目分开了[2]

α-变形菌纲下有三个亚纲Magnetococcidae立克次体亚纲Rickettsidae)和柄杆菌亚纲(Caulobacteridae[2]基群Magnetococcidae,此类别包含了许多趋磁细菌(由于趋磁细菌为多系群,因此只有部分包含于α-变形菌之下)[12]立克次体亚纲则由细胞内寄生的立克次体目(Rickettsiales),以及可以在胞外单独生存的Pelagibacterales。柄杆菌亚纲则由Holosporales、红螺旋菌目(Rhodospirillales)、鞘脂单胞菌目(Sphingomonadales)、红细菌目( Rhodobacterales)、柄杆菌目(Caulobacterales)、KiloniellalesKordiimonadales、短小盒菌目(Parvularculales),和Sneathiellales

α-变形菌纲包括以下亚纲:

Magnetococcidae亚纲
Rickettidae亚纲
Caulobacteridae亚纲

系统发生学 编辑

以下表格是根据美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)[4][16] 而树状图则是根据'The All-Species Living Tree' Project英语'The All-Species Living Tree' Project所提供的16s rRNA分析结果[17]

?Aquaspirillum polymorphum(Williams and Rittenberg 1957) Hylemon et al. 1973

?FurvibacterLee et al. 2007

?Kopriimonas byunsanensisKwon et al. 2005

?Magnetococcus marinus Bazylinski et al. 2012 (in press)

?Micavibrio aeruginosavorusLambina et al. 1983

?Polymorphum gilvumCai 2010

?Reyranella massiliensis Pagnier et al. 2011

?Ronia tepidophila

?Subaequorebacter tamlenseLee 2006

?Tuberoidobacter mutans

?Vibrio adaptatus Muir et al. 1990

?Vibrio cyclosites Muir et al. 1990

Rhodovibrio

红螺菌科 Rhodospirillaceae 2

Tistrella

红螺菌科 Rhodospirillaceae 3

红螺菌科 Rhodospirillaceae 4

Defluviicoccus vanus Maszenan et al. 2005

Elioraea tepidiphila Albuquerque et al. 2008

Acetobacteraceae

立克次体目 Rickettsiales (包含线粒体

Sneathiella

Sphingomonadaceae (包含Erythrobacteraceae, Caulobacter leidyi, Asticcacaulis

Rhodothalassium salexigens (Drews 1982) Imhoff et al. 1998

Kordiimonas

红螺菌科 1 [包含Roseospirillum parvum, Kiloniella laminariae, Terasakiella pusilla]

根瘤菌目 [包含Caulobacteraceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Parvularcula & Streptomyces longisporoflavus]

参考文献 编辑

  1. ^ Jana Grote, J. Cameron Thrash, Megan J. Huggett, Zachary C. Landry, Paul Carini, Stephen J. Giovannoni, Michael S. Rappé. Streamlining and core genome conservation among highly divergent members of the SAR11 clade. mBio. 2012, 3 (5) [2019-02-12]. ISSN 2150-7511. PMC 3448164 . PMID 22991429. doi:10.1128/mBio.00252-12. (原始内容存档于2019-05-27). 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Matteo P. Ferla, J. Cameron Thrash, Stephen J. Giovannoni, Wayne M. Patrick. New rRNA gene-based phylogenies of the Alphaproteobacteria provide perspective on major groups, mitochondrial ancestry and phylogenetic instability. PloS One. 2013, 8 (12): e83383 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3859672 . PMID 24349502. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083383. (原始内容存档于2019-05-10). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. George M. Garrity , 编. The Proteobacteria. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2C 2nd. New York: Springer. July 26, 2005: 1388 [1984(Williams & Wilkins)] [2014-11-08]. ISBN 978-0-387-24145-6. British Library no. GBA561951. (原始内容存档于2015-02-19). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 J.P. Euzéby. Alphaproteobacteria. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). [2011-11-17]. (原始内容存档于2013-01-27). 
  5. ^ Chilton MD, Drummond MH, Merio DJ, Sciaky D, Montoya AL, Gordon MP, Nester EW., Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: the molecular basis of crown gall tumorigenesis, Cell. 1977 Jun;11(2):263-71.
  6. ^ Naiara Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, T. Martin Embley. The SAR11 group of alpha-proteobacteria is not related to the origin of mitochondria. PloS One. 2012, 7 (1): e30520 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3264578 . PMID 22291975. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030520. (原始内容存档于2019-05-27). 
  7. ^ Johan Viklund, Thijs J. G. Ettema, Siv G. E. Andersson. Independent genome reduction and phylogenetic reclassification of the oceanic SAR11 clade. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2012-02, 29 (2): 599–615 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1537-1719. PMID 21900598. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr203. (原始内容存档于2019-05-27). 
  8. ^ Johan Viklund, Joran Martijn, Thijs J. G. Ettema, Siv G. E. Andersson. Comparative and phylogenomic evidence that the alphaproteobacterium HIMB59 is not a member of the oceanic SAR11 clade. PloS One. 2013, 8 (11): e78858 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3815206 . PMID 24223857. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078858. (原始内容存档于2019-05-27). 
  9. ^ Kalliopi Georgiades, Mohammed-Amine Madoui, Phuong Le, Catherine Robert, Didier Raoult. Phylogenomic analysis of Odyssella thessalonicensis fortifies the common origin of Rickettsiales, Pelagibacter ubique and Reclimonas americana mitochondrion. PloS One. 2011, 6 (9): e24857 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3177885 . PMID 21957463. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024857. (原始内容存档于2019-05-27). 
  10. ^ J. Cameron Thrash, Alex Boyd, Megan J. Huggett, Jana Grote, Paul Carini, Ryan J. Yoder, Barbara Robbertse, Joseph W. Spatafora, Michael S. Rappé, Stephen J. Giovannoni. Phylogenomic evidence for a common ancestor of mitochondria and the SAR11 clade. Scientific Reports. 2011, 1: 13 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 3216501 . PMID 22355532. doi:10.1038/srep00013. (原始内容存档于2019-10-15). 
  11. ^ Kelly P. Williams, Bruno W. Sobral, Allan W. Dickerman. A robust species tree for the alphaproteobacteria. Journal of Bacteriology. 2007-07, 189 (13): 4578–4586 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 1913456 . PMID 17483224. doi:10.1128/JB.00269-07. (原始内容存档于2020-05-12). 
  12. ^ Bazylinski DA, Williams TJ, Lefèvre CT, Berg RJ, Zhang CL, Bowser SS, Dean AJ, Beveridge TJ. (2012) Magnetococcus marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine, magnetotactic bacterium that represents a novel lineage (Magnetococcaceae fam. nov.; Magnetococcales ord. nov.) at the base of the Alphaproteobacteria. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.038927-0
  13. ^ Jana Grote, J. Cameron Thrash, Megan J. Huggett, Zachary C. Landry, Paul Carini, Stephen J. Giovannoni, Michael S. Rappé. Streamlining and core genome conservation among highly divergent members of the SAR11 clade. mBio. 2012, 3 (5) [2019-02-12]. ISSN 2150-7511. PMC 3448164 . PMID 22991429. doi:10.1128/mBio.00252-12. (原始内容存档于2019-05-27). 
  14. ^ Liu Y, Pei T, Duan J, Du J, Zhu H. Gimibacter soli gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from mangrove soil and insight into its ecological distribution and metabolic potential. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5953.
  15. ^ Li N, Yang Y, Wu J, Zhang H, Liu B, He J. Pseudokordiimonas caeni gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:6007.
  16. ^ Sayers; et al. Alphaproteobacteria. 美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI) taxonomy database. [2011-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-15). 
  17. ^ 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree) (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. [2011-11-17]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-08-11). 

外部链接 编辑