以心传心

以心传心（日语：以心伝心^{Ishin-denshin}）是一个日本熟语^[1]，意指不用说出来也能理解对方意思的沟通方式^[2]。

尽管普世人类皆懂得理解沉默背后的意思，但一些日本人相信这是日本文化的独有特征^[3]。其跟腹艺（英语：haragei）在概念上有所不同——前者是指被动地理解对方的内心，后者则指有意进行的非语言沟通。日本人传统上认为“以心传心”是经由内心或腹部（内部的象征）进行的无声交流；他们认为用到嘴部或脸部（外部）的沟通较容易出现不够坦诚的情况^[3]。这一概念经由中国传入日本，并跟禅宗有关。对于禅宗而言，以心传心即代表直接经由心灵传法^[3]^[4]。禅宗把释迦牟尼跟摩诃迦叶传法的一幕形容为“以心传心”^[5]^[6]。

以心传心等非语言沟通方式继续影响当代的日本文化和伦理观念^[7]——从商业伦理^[8]到临终关怀，无一不受其影响^[9]。

参见

内团体与外团体

参考资料

^ Maynard, Michael L; Maynard, Senko K; Taki. 101 Japanese Idioms: Understanding Japanese Language and Culture Through Popular Phrases. McGraw Hill Professional. 1993: 113. ISBN 978-0-8442-8496-5.
^ Cheung, King-Kok. Articulate Silences: Hisaye Yamamoto, Maxine Hong Kingston, Joy Kogawa. Cornell University Press. 1993: 146 [2012-07-29]. ISBN 978-0-8014-8147-5. （原始内容存档于2014-01-02）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Davies, Roger J.; Ikeno, Osamu. The Japanese Mind: Understanding Contemporary Japanese Culture. Tuttle Publishing. 2002-03-15: 52–54, 105 [2012-07-28]. ISBN 978-0-8048-3295-3. （原始内容存档于2014-01-03）.
^ Baroni, Helen Josephine. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2002: 156 [2012-07-28]. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6. （原始内容存档于2014-01-03）.
^ Shore, Jeff. THE SOURCE OF ZEN: WHO TRANSMITS WHAT? (PDF). 1998 [2021-02-24]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-02-15）.
^ Durix, Claude. Cent Clés pour Comprendre le Zen. Le Courrier du Livre. 1991: 43. ISBN 978-2-7029-0261-5.
^ Murata, K. Knowledge Creation and Sharing in Japanese Organisations: A Socio-Cultural Perspective on ba. Morais da Costa; Jorge Goncalo (编). Ethical Issues and Social Dilemmas in Knowledge Management: Organizational Innovation: Organizational Innovation. IGI Global. 2010: 10 [2021-02-24]. ISBN 978-1-61520-874-6. （原始内容存档于2018-09-16）.
^ Dougherty, Andrew J. Japan: 2000. Rochester Institute of Technology. 1991: 17.
^ Slingsby, Brian Taylor. The nature of relative subjectivity: a reflexive mode of thought. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 2005, 30 (1): 9–25. PMID 15814365. doi:10.1080/03605310590907039.

[Maynard-1993-1] Maynard, Michael L; Maynard, Senko K; Taki. 101 Japanese Idioms: Understanding Japanese Language and Culture Through Popular Phrases. McGraw Hill Professional. 1993: 113. ISBN 978-0-8442-8496-5.

[Cheung1993-2] Cheung, King-Kok. Articulate Silences: Hisaye Yamamoto, Maxine Hong Kingston, Joy Kogawa. Cornell University Press. 1993: 146 [2012-07-29]. ISBN 978-0-8014-8147-5. （原始内容存档于2014-01-02）.

[DaviesIkeno2002-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Davies, Roger J.; Ikeno, Osamu. The Japanese Mind: Understanding Contemporary Japanese Culture. Tuttle Publishing. 2002-03-15: 52–54, 105 [2012-07-28]. ISBN 978-0-8048-3295-3. （原始内容存档于2014-01-03）.

[Baroni2002-4] Baroni, Helen Josephine. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2002: 156 [2012-07-28]. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6. （原始内容存档于2014-01-03）.

[Shores1998-5] Shore, Jeff. THE SOURCE OF ZEN: WHO TRANSMITS WHAT? (PDF). 1998 [2021-02-24]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-02-15）.

[Durix1991-6] Durix, Claude. Cent Clés pour Comprendre le Zen. Le Courrier du Livre. 1991: 43. ISBN 978-2-7029-0261-5.

[Murata-2010-7] Murata, K. Knowledge Creation and Sharing in Japanese Organisations: A Socio-Cultural Perspective on ba. Morais da Costa; Jorge Goncalo (编). Ethical Issues and Social Dilemmas in Knowledge Management: Organizational Innovation: Organizational Innovation. IGI Global. 2010: 10 [2021-02-24]. ISBN 978-1-61520-874-6. （原始内容存档于2018-09-16）.

[Dougherty-1991-8] Dougherty, Andrew J. Japan: 2000. Rochester Institute of Technology. 1991: 17.

[Slingsby2005-9] Slingsby, Brian Taylor. The nature of relative subjectivity: a reflexive mode of thought. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 2005, 30 (1): 9–25. PMID 15814365. doi:10.1080/03605310590907039.

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