委内瑞拉难民危机
委内瑞拉难民危机，也称为玻利瓦尔流散（英语：Bolivarian diaspora），是美洲最大的难民危机，[8]有数百万委内瑞拉人在乌戈·查韦斯和尼古拉斯·马杜罗两位总统任内向外移民，肇因于玻利瓦尔革命。[1][2][9]那是查韦斯和继任的马杜罗试图建立文化和政治霸权，[10][11][12]最终导致了玻利瓦尔委内瑞拉危机。[13]这场难民危机已被拿来与古巴流亡潮、叙利亚难民和欧洲移民危机相提并论。[14][15]该国政府否认了任何难民危机，并声称联合国和其他国家正试图为干预委内瑞拉内政而辩护。
| 委内瑞拉危机的一部分 | |
   | |
| 日期 | 1999年–现在 (主要阶段始于 2015年) |
|---|---|
| 地点 | 委内瑞拉 |
| 别名 | 玻利瓦尔流散 |
| 起因 | 社会问题、政治迫害、犯罪、经济衰退、贪污、贫穷、审查制度、 失业、恶性通货膨胀、短缺、营养不良、侵犯人权及其他[1][2][3] |
| 结果 | |
《新闻周刊》将“玻利瓦尔流散”描述为“大规模逆转财富”，其中“逆转”与委内瑞拉在20世纪的高移民率相提并论。[2]最初，上流的委内瑞拉人和学者在查韦斯担任总统期间移居国外，但随着该国情况的恶化，中产阶级和下层阶级的委内瑞拉人也开始离开。[16]由于大量受过教育或有技术能力的移民，造成了国家人才外流。[17][18]在对该国的反对派政治感到失望之后，反对马杜罗总统的委内瑞拉人也离开了该国，从而增加了马杜罗政府的支持率。[19]
在危机期间，经常有人问委内瑞拉人是否想离开自己的祖国，[20]并且在2015年12月的一项调查中，有30％以上的人说他们计划永久离开委内瑞拉。[21]根据Datincorp的资料，该百分比在次年9月几乎倍增，有57％的受访者想离开该国。[22]自从1999年革命开始以来，到了2019年中，委内瑞拉超过400万人移民，约占该国人口的13％。[23][7][24]联合国预测，到2019年底，委内瑞拉危机期间将有500万记录在册的移民，超过人口的15％。[25]布鲁金斯学会（Brookings Institution）在2018年末进行的一项研究表明，到2019年底，移民人数将达到600万，约占委内瑞拉2017年人口的20％。[26]Consultares 21在2019年中进行的一项民意调查估计，多达600万委内瑞拉人在这个时间点上已经逃离了该国；[5]到2020年的估计表明，委内瑞拉的移民和难民人数已超过600万。[27]这时叙利亚内战难民数也是600万人，叙利亚内战发生时间早于委内瑞拉危机数年，而且被认为是当时世界上最严重的人道灾难。[27][28]
参考文献
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