平信徒枢机

平信徒枢机（英语：lay cardinal）指天主教中以平信徒身份被指定为枢机（俗称红衣主教）者。因成为枢机至少要是执事^[1]，因此平信徒枢机在得到任命后必定领受圣秩圣事，成为天主教的神职人员^[2]。

虽历史上有平信徒枢机出现，但20世纪初天主教教会法修改后，成为枢机者即便是就任执事级枢机也必须先晋铎，因此目前平信徒已不能再被指定为枢机，平信徒枢机已是一个历史名词^[3]。

历史上的平信徒枢机

名称	就任枢机的时间	最高的圣品
保禄三世	1493年	教宗
费迪南多一世·德·美第奇	1562年	小品（英语：Minor orders）^[4]
萨伏伊的莫里斯亲王（英语：Maurice of Savoy）	1607年	小品（英语：Minor orders）^[4]
弗朗西斯科·德·桑多瓦尔	1618年^[5]	司铎^[6]
西班牙的费尔南多	1620年	小品（英语：Minor orders）^[7]
Marino Carafa di Belvedere（意大利语：Marino Carafa di Belvedere）	1801年	祝圣前即辞职^[8]^[9]
特奥多夫·默特尔（英语：Teodolfo Mertel）	1858年	执事^[10]

终止

1917年，教宗修改天主教教会法，规定今后即便是枢机中最低的执事级枢机必须由拥有铎职者担任，自此平信徒无法再被指定为枢机，平信徒枢机成为历史^[11]。

根据一些报导，保禄六世与若望保禄二世都曾考虑过任命平信徒枢机，但最后均未付诸行动^[12]^[13]。

参见

侄子枢机，中世纪天主教会内存在的一种裙带关系

参考资料

^ Cartwright, William Cornwallis. On Papal Conclaves. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 1868: 123. Laymen were named Cardinals only for twelve months, being bound within that period to take Deacon's orders
^ Cartwright, William Cornwallis. On Papal Conclaves. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 1868: 121–122. In all these cases, however, it is clear that some orders had been taken; and therefore, in the strict sense of the term, these Cardinals were no longer laymen.
^ Code of Canon Law. 1983. Canon 351 §1 Archive.is的存档，存档日期2019-04-08.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Cartwright, William Cornwallis. On Papal Conclaves. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 1868: 120–122.
^ Feros, Antonio. Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III. Cambridge University Press. 2006: 241.
^ Francisco Gómez Cardinal Rojas de Sandoval. Catholic Hierarchy. [2023-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-25）.
^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 29, 1619. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. [2023-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-24）.
^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of February 23, 1801. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. [2023-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-25）.
^ Mister Marino Carafa di Belvedere. Catholic Hierarchy. [2023-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-25）.
^ Teodolfo Cardinal Mertel. Catholic Hierarchy. [2023-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-06）.
^ Code of Canon Law. 1917. Canon 232 §1.
^ 沃耶蒂瓦教宗的发言人，远不止是发言人的纳瓦∙罗瓦尔斯安息主怀. vatican insider. [2023-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-25）.
^ Jacques Maritain Dies at 90. The New York Times. April 29, 1973 [April 27, 2022]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-25）.

[1] Cartwright, William Cornwallis. On Papal Conclaves. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 1868: 123. Laymen were named Cardinals only for twelve months, being bound within that period to take Deacon's orders

[2] Cartwright, William Cornwallis. On Papal Conclaves. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 1868: 121–122. In all these cases, however, it is clear that some orders had been taken; and therefore, in the strict sense of the term, these Cardinals were no longer laymen.

[3] Code of Canon Law. 1983. Canon 351 §1 Archive.is的存档，存档日期2019-04-08.

[cartwright120-122-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Cartwright, William Cornwallis. On Papal Conclaves. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 1868: 120–122.

[5] Feros, Antonio. Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III. Cambridge University Press. 2006: 241.

[6] Francisco Gómez Cardinal Rojas de Sandoval. Catholic Hierarchy. [2023-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-25）.

[7] Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 29, 1619. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. [2023-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-24）.

[8] Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of February 23, 1801. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. [2023-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-25）.

[9] Mister Marino Carafa di Belvedere. Catholic Hierarchy. [2023-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-25）.

[10] Teodolfo Cardinal Mertel. Catholic Hierarchy. [2023-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-06）.

[11] Code of Canon Law. 1917. Canon 232 §1.

[12] 沃耶蒂瓦教宗的发言人，远不止是发言人的纳瓦∙罗瓦尔斯安息主怀. vatican insider. [2023-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-25）.

[13] Jacques Maritain Dies at 90. The New York Times. April 29, 1973 [April 27, 2022]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-25）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]