弹跳虫属

弹跳虫属
科学分类
演化支：	SAR 超类群 SAR
演化支：	囊泡虫类 Alveolata
门：	纤毛虫门 Ciliophora
纲：	寡毛纲 Oligotrichea
目：	弹跳虫目 Halteriida
科：	弹跳虫科 Halteriidae
属：	弹跳虫属 Halteria
种
	详见内文;

弹跳虫属^[1]（学名：Halteria）是纤毛虫门的一个属，属寡毛纲弹跳虫目（法语：Halteriida）弹跳虫科（英语：Halteriidae）。本属纤毛虫常见于淡水中，因常大量出现且以特殊的跳跃方式移动而易于鉴别，可能早在17世纪微生物学萌芽时即被列文虎克观察到^[2]^[3]，有营养型与包囊型两种型态可相互转换，其中前者较常被描述^[4]。

本属纤毛虫皆为异营生物，为环境中重要的食菌生物（英语：Bacterivore），而自身会被多种动物捕食。2022年发表的一篇研究发现有本属物种可以病毒为食，并可以绿藻病毒（英语：chloroviruses）为唯一的食物来源^[5]。

发现历史

本属纤毛虫淡水中常大量出现^[6]，因而可能在数百年前即被科学家观察到，其中最早的观察纪录尚无定论，但1675年列文虎克在被雨淋湿的砂锅上观察到的一种微生物可能即为弹跳虫，他描述该种生物体型小、移动迅速、可突然改变移动方向、直线移动等，皆符合本属物种的特征^[2]。

本属学名Halteria则是于1840年由法国生物学家费力克斯·迪亚尔丹（英语：Félix Dujardin）发表描述，他将原属车轮虫属的两种纤毛虫（Trichodina grandinella与Trichodina vorax）移入本属中^[7]^[8]，此时对本属的描述仍较笼统，聚焦在其快速弹跳移动的现象^[7]。1858年瑞士生物学家艾德华·克拉帕雷德（英语：Edouard Claparede）详细描述了本属物种Halteria grandinella的外形，首次发现弹跳虫用以跳跃的棘毛（cirri）仅位于其中央的环带上^[9]。

近年本属的分类地位再起争议，本属因口部纤毛排列成开环状，一般被归入寡毛纲，但基因定序显示本属可能和尖毛亚纲（英语：Oxytrichidae）关系更为接近，口部纤毛和寡毛纲相似则为趋同演化的结果^[10]。

物种

参考文献

^ 臺灣物種名錄. aibnet.sinica.edu.tw. [2023-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-04）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 van Leeuwenhoek, A.P. Observations, communicated to the publisher by Mr. Antony van Leewenhoeck, in a dutch letter of the 9th Octob. 1676. here English'd: concerning little animals by him observed in rain-well-sea-and snow water; as also in water wherein pepper had lain infused. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1677, 12 (133): 821–831 [2023-02-04]. doi:10.1098/rstl.1677.0003. （原始内容存档于2023-01-10）.
^ Patterson, D.J.; Hedley, S. Freeliving Freshwater Protozoa. CRC Press. 1996 [2023-02-04]. ISBN 9781840765847. （原始内容存档于2023-02-04）.
^ Foissner, W.; Müller, H.; Agatha, S. A comparative fine structural and phylogenetic analysis of resting cysts in oligotrich and hypotrich Spirotrichea (Ciliophora). European Journal of Protistology. 2007, 43 (4): 295–314. PMC 2848329  . PMID 17766095. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2007.06.001.
^ DeLong, John P.; Van Etten, James L.; Al-Ameeli, Zeina; Agarkova, Irina V.; Dunigan, David D. The consumption of viruses returns energy to food chains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2023-01-03, 120 (1): e2215000120 [2023-02-04]. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12015000D. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 36574690. doi:10.1073/pnas.2215000120. （原始内容存档于2023-03-12）.
^ Archbold, J.H.; Berger, J. A qualitative assessment of some metazoan predators of Halteria grandinella, a common freshwater ciliate. Hydrobiologia. 1985, 126 (2): 97–102. S2CID 28208345. doi:10.1007/BF00008675.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Dujardin, F. Histoire naturelle des zoophytes. Infusoires: comprenant la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux et la manière de les étudier à l'aide du microscope.. Librairie Encyclopèdique de Roret. Paris, France. 1841. OCLC 910488425.
^ A., Pritchard. A History of Infusoria, Including the Desmidiaceae and Diatomaceae, British and Foreign: Enlarged and Revised by JT Anlidge, W. The British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review (Whittaker and Company). 1861, 27 (54): 445–446. OCLC 969523285. PMC 5182355  . doi:10.5962/bhl.title.101827.
^ Claparède, R.É. Études sur les infusoires et les rhizopodes 1. Geneva, Switzerland: Vaney. 1858. OCLC 1253409690.
^ Lynn, D.H.; Kolisko, M. Molecules illuminate morphology: phylogenomics confirms convergent evolution among 'oligotrichous' ciliates. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2017, 67 (9): 3676–82. PMID 28829032. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002060.

[1] 臺灣物種名錄. aibnet.sinica.edu.tw. [2023-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-04）.

[leeuwenhoek1677-2] 2.0 ^2.1 van Leeuwenhoek, A.P. Observations, communicated to the publisher by Mr. Antony van Leewenhoeck, in a dutch letter of the 9th Octob. 1676. here English'd: concerning little animals by him observed in rain-well-sea-and snow water; as also in water wherein pepper had lain infused. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1677, 12 (133): 821–831 [2023-02-04]. doi:10.1098/rstl.1677.0003. （原始内容存档于2023-01-10）.

[pattersonhedley-3] Patterson, D.J.; Hedley, S. Freeliving Freshwater Protozoa. CRC Press. 1996 [2023-02-04]. ISBN 9781840765847. （原始内容存档于2023-02-04）.

[foissner2007-4] Foissner, W.; Müller, H.; Agatha, S. A comparative fine structural and phylogenetic analysis of resting cysts in oligotrich and hypotrich Spirotrichea (Ciliophora). European Journal of Protistology. 2007, 43 (4): 295–314. PMC 2848329  . PMID 17766095. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2007.06.001.

[5] DeLong, John P.; Van Etten, James L.; Al-Ameeli, Zeina; Agarkova, Irina V.; Dunigan, David D. The consumption of viruses returns energy to food chains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2023-01-03, 120 (1): e2215000120 [2023-02-04]. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12015000D. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 36574690. doi:10.1073/pnas.2215000120. （原始内容存档于2023-03-12）.

[archbold1985-6] Archbold, J.H.; Berger, J. A qualitative assessment of some metazoan predators of Halteria grandinella, a common freshwater ciliate. Hydrobiologia. 1985, 126 (2): 97–102. S2CID 28208345. doi:10.1007/BF00008675.

[dujardin1841-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Dujardin, F. Histoire naturelle des zoophytes. Infusoires: comprenant la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux et la manière de les étudier à l'aide du microscope.. Librairie Encyclopèdique de Roret. Paris, France. 1841. OCLC 910488425.

[8] A., Pritchard. A History of Infusoria, Including the Desmidiaceae and Diatomaceae, British and Foreign: Enlarged and Revised by JT Anlidge, W. The British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review (Whittaker and Company). 1861, 27 (54): 445–446. OCLC 969523285. PMC 5182355  . doi:10.5962/bhl.title.101827.

[claparede1858-9] Claparède, R.É. Études sur les infusoires et les rhizopodes 1. Geneva, Switzerland: Vaney. 1858. OCLC 1253409690.

[10] Lynn, D.H.; Kolisko, M. Molecules illuminate morphology: phylogenomics confirms convergent evolution among 'oligotrichous' ciliates. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2017, 67 (9): 3676–82. PMID 28829032. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002060.

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