扩展适应
扩展适应(英语:exaptation)是指在演化过程中一种特征的功能发生了变化。例如,如果一个特征最初演化出来是为了实现某种特定的功能,但后来它又有了另一种其他用途,就可称之为“扩展适应”。鸟类羽毛的演化便是一个经典的例子:羽毛最初是为了保温而演化出来的,但在后来羽毛变得开始适应于飞翔。对扩展适应的兴趣与进化的过程和产物都息息相关:创造复杂特征的过程和可能不完善的产物(功能,解剖结构,生化试剂等等)[1][2] 。扩展适应是由美国古生物学家斯蒂芬·古尔德(Stephen Jay Gould)和伊丽莎白·弗巴(Elisabeth Vrba)提出的,以取代他们认为是目的论的术语“预适应”(英语:pre-adaptation)[3]。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Red_feather_pigments.jpg/220px-Red_feather_pigments.jpg)
历史和定义
编辑特征的功能在其进化历史中可能发生变化的想法起源于查尔斯·达尔文(Charles Darwin)((Darwin 1859))。 多年以来,这种现象被标记为“预适应”,但由于“预适应”这一术语隐含了生物学中的目的论,与自然选择的基本原理相悖,故现已被“扩展适应”所取代[4]。
实例
编辑扩展适应包括羽毛的共同选择,羽毛最初是为用于保温的和用于展示的功能而演化的,后来被用于鸟类的飞行。另一个例子则是早期鱼类的肺,它们后来演化为陆生脊椎动物的肺,但同时还通过扩展适应成为了一些鱼类体内用来调节浮力的器官——鳔。[7]
注释
编辑参考文献
编辑- ^ Bock, W.J. Preadaptation and multiple evolutionary pathways. Evolution. 1959, 13 (2): 194–211. JSTOR 2405873. doi:10.2307/2405873.
- ^ Hayden, Eric J.; Ferrada, Evandro; Wagner, Andreas. Cryptic genetic variation promotes rapid evolutionary adaptation in an RNA enzyme (PDF). Nature. 2 June 2011, 474 (7349): 92–95 [2020-06-13]. PMID 21637259. doi:10.1038/nature10083. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-08-06).
- ^ Gould & Vrba 1982.
- ^ Gould, S. J.; Vrba, E. S. Exaptation - a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology. 1982, 8 (1): 4–15. JSTOR 2400563.
- ^ Jacob, F. Evolution and tinkering. Science. 1977, 196 (4295): 1161–6. Bibcode:1977Sci...196.1161J. PMID 860134. doi:10.1126/science.860134.
- ^ Mayr, Ernst. The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Harvard University Press. 1982 [2020-06-13]. ISBN 978-0-674-36445-5. (原始内容存档于2020-08-17).
- ^ Colleen Farmer. Did Lungs and the Intracardiac Shunt Evolve to Oxygenate the Heart in Vertebrates?. Paleobiology (Paleontological Society). 1997, 23 (3): 358–372. JSTOR 2401109.
资料来源
编辑- (英文)Buss, David M., Martie G. Haselton, Todd K. Shackelford, et al. (1998) "Adaptations, Exaptations, and Spandrels," American Psychologist, 53 (May):533–548. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/haselton/webdocs/spandrels.html (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- (英文)Darwin, Charles. On the origin and transitions of organic beings with peculiar habits and structure. On the Origin of Species 1st. London: John Murray. 1859: 179–186 [2020-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- (英文)Darwin, Charles. Difficulties of the theory. The Origin of Species 6th. London: John Murray. 1872: 138–143 [2020-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-06).
- (英文)Ehrlich, Paul, and Marcus Feldman (2003) "Genes and Culture: What Creates Our Behavioral Phenome?," Current Anthropology, 44 (February):87–107. Included are comments and a reply.
- (英文)Gould, Stephen Jay; Vrba, Elisabeth S. Exaptation — a missing term in the science of form (PDF). Paleobiology. 1982, 8 (1): 4–15 [2020-10-11]. JSTOR 2400563. doi:10.1017/S0094837300004310. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-05-08).
- (英文)Gould, Stephen Jay. Exaptation: A Crucial Tool for an Evolutionary Psychology. Journal of Social Issues. 1991, 47 (3): 43–65. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb01822.x.
- (英文)MacDonald, G.; Leary, M.R. Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin. 2005, 131 (2): 202–23. PMID 15740417. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202.
- (英文)"Preadaptation" Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Merriam-Webster Online. 22 January 2009 <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/preadaptation (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)>