生物指标

生物指标（Bioindicator）又称指标物种或指示物种（indicator species），指族群状态可反映其栖息地环境品质的物种。研究人员利用生物指标进行生物监测（英语：Biomonitoring）^[2]^[3]，即借由观察指标种的族群变化，推得环境受污染的情形。生物指标可反映污染持续时间对生物的间接影响等借由物理或化学方法无法获知的额外资讯^[4]。研究人员不需观测环境中的所有生物，透过观察单一指标物种即可侦测整体环境的变化情形^[5]。

有些指标物种仅适用于特定的环境，在不同环境或地理区域的准确度会下降^[6]。

案例

肺衣（英语：Lobaria pulmonaria）对空气污染相当敏感，可用作指标生物

细小裸藻（英语：Euglena gracilis）^[7]^[8]、双核草履虫（英语：Paramecium biaurelia）^[9]、苔藓、地衣、石蛾、蛙与蟾蜍^[10]^[11]、螯虾^[12]等生物均可作为环境的生物指标，检测环境中的二氧化硫、氮氧化物、杀虫剂、重金属或其他化学毒素等污染物。

参见

生物完整性（英语：Biological integrity）
BMWP指数（英语：Biological monitoring working party）
生命印迹
生态指标（英语：Ecological indicator）
环境指标（英语：Environmental indicator）
生态指标值（英语：Indicator value）
MERMOZ计划（英语：MERMOZ）
前哨物种（英语：Sentinel species）

参考文献

^ Barbour, M.T.; Gerritsen, J.; Stribling, J.B. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish, Second Edition (报告). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1999 [2021-12-12]. EPA 841-B-99-002. （原始内容存档于2021-12-12）.
^ NCSU Water Quality Group. Biomonitoring. WATERSHEDSS: A Decision Support System for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University. [2016-07-31]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-23）.
^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water and Office of Research and Development. National Rivers and Streams Assessment 2008-2009: A Collaborative Study (PDF). Washington D.C. March 2016 [2021-12-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-02）.
^ Karr, James R. Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. Fisheries. 1981, 6 (6): 21–27. ISSN 1548-8446. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2.
^ Bioindicators. Science Learning Hub. The University of Waikato, New Zealand. 2015-02-10 [2021-12-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-12）.
^ Monteagudo, Laura; Moreno, José Luis. Benthic freshwater cyanobacteria as indicators of anthropogenic pressures. Ecological Indicators. 2016-08-01, 67: 693–702. ISSN 1470-160X. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.035.
^ Azizullah, Azizullah; Murad, Waheed; Muhammad, Adnan; Waheed, Ullah; Häder, Donat-Peter. Gravitactic orientation of Euglena gracilis - a sensitive endpoint for ecotoxicological assessment of water pollutants. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2013, 1 (4): 1–4. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2013.00004  .
^ Tahedl, Harald; Donat-Peter, Haeder. Automated Biomonitoring Using Real Time Movement Analysis of Euglena gracilis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2001, 48 (2): 161–169. PMID 11161690. doi:10.1006/eesa.2000.2004.
^ Hemmersbach, Ruth; Simon, Anja; Waßer, Kai; Hauslage, Jens; Christianen, Peter C.M.; Albers, Peter W.; Lebert, Michael; Richter, Peter; Alt, Wolfgang; Anken, Ralf. Impact of a High Magnetic Field on the Orientation of Gravitactic Unicellular Organisms—A Critical Consideration about the Application of Magnetic Fields to Mimic Functional Weightlessness. Astrobiology. 2014, 14 (3): 205–215. Bibcode:2014AsBio..14..205H. PMC 3952527  . PMID 24621307. doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1085.
^ Simon, E., Braun, M. & Tóthmérész, B. Non-destructive Method of Frog (Rana esculenta L.) Skeleton Elemental Analysis Used During Environmental Assessment.. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2010, 209: 467. doi:10.1007/s11270-009-0214-6.
^ Lambert, M. R. K. Environmental Effects of Heavy Spillage from a Destroyed Pesticide Store near Hargeisa (Somaliland) Assessed During the Dry Season, Using Reptiles and Amphibians as Bioindicators. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1997-01-01, 32 (1): 80–93. PMID 9002438. S2CID 24315472. doi:10.1007/s002449900158.
^ Füreder, L.; Reynolds, J. D. Is Austropotamobius Pallipes a Good Bioindicator?. Bulletin Français de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture. 2003, (370–371): 157–163 [2021-12-12]. ISSN 0767-2861. doi:10.1051/kmae:2003011  . （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.

[EPA=RBP-1] Barbour, M.T.; Gerritsen, J.; Stribling, J.B. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish, Second Edition (报告). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1999 [2021-12-12]. EPA 841-B-99-002. （原始内容存档于2021-12-12）.

[2] NCSU Water Quality Group. Biomonitoring. WATERSHEDSS: A Decision Support System for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University. [2016-07-31]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-23）.

[:2-3] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water and Office of Research and Development. National Rivers and Streams Assessment 2008-2009: A Collaborative Study (PDF). Washington D.C. March 2016 [2021-12-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-02）.

[Karr-4] Karr, James R. Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. Fisheries. 1981, 6 (6): 21–27. ISSN 1548-8446. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2.

[5] Bioindicators. Science Learning Hub. The University of Waikato, New Zealand. 2015-02-10 [2021-12-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-12）.

[:4-6] Monteagudo, Laura; Moreno, José Luis. Benthic freshwater cyanobacteria as indicators of anthropogenic pressures. Ecological Indicators. 2016-08-01, 67: 693–702. ISSN 1470-160X. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.035.

[7] Azizullah, Azizullah; Murad, Waheed; Muhammad, Adnan; Waheed, Ullah; Häder, Donat-Peter. Gravitactic orientation of Euglena gracilis - a sensitive endpoint for ecotoxicological assessment of water pollutants. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2013, 1 (4): 1–4. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2013.00004  .

[8] Tahedl, Harald; Donat-Peter, Haeder. Automated Biomonitoring Using Real Time Movement Analysis of Euglena gracilis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2001, 48 (2): 161–169. PMID 11161690. doi:10.1006/eesa.2000.2004.

[9] Hemmersbach, Ruth; Simon, Anja; Waßer, Kai; Hauslage, Jens; Christianen, Peter C.M.; Albers, Peter W.; Lebert, Michael; Richter, Peter; Alt, Wolfgang; Anken, Ralf. Impact of a High Magnetic Field on the Orientation of Gravitactic Unicellular Organisms—A Critical Consideration about the Application of Magnetic Fields to Mimic Functional Weightlessness. Astrobiology. 2014, 14 (3): 205–215. Bibcode:2014AsBio..14..205H. PMC 3952527  . PMID 24621307. doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1085.

[Simon,_E._2010-10] Simon, E., Braun, M. & Tóthmérész, B. Non-destructive Method of Frog (Rana esculenta L.) Skeleton Elemental Analysis Used During Environmental Assessment.. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2010, 209: 467. doi:10.1007/s11270-009-0214-6.

[:0-11] Lambert, M. R. K. Environmental Effects of Heavy Spillage from a Destroyed Pesticide Store near Hargeisa (Somaliland) Assessed During the Dry Season, Using Reptiles and Amphibians as Bioindicators. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1997-01-01, 32 (1): 80–93. PMID 9002438. S2CID 24315472. doi:10.1007/s002449900158.

[12] Füreder, L.; Reynolds, J. D. Is Austropotamobius Pallipes a Good Bioindicator?. Bulletin Français de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture. 2003, (370–371): 157–163 [2021-12-12]. ISSN 0767-2861. doi:10.1051/kmae:2003011  . （原始内容存档于2022-01-09）.

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