海达语
海达语Xaat Kíl是海达族的语言。该语言有8个元音和超过30个辅音。语言学家爱德华·萨丕尔曾在1915年把海达语归为纳－德内语系，该提议随即受到诸多语言学家（如Pinnow, Greenberg, Enrico, Ruhlen, Manaster Ramer, and Bengtson，详见参考文献列表）的支持；然而，今天大多数语言学家将海达语看作是一个孤立语言。[2] 2008年语言学界提议美洲的纳－德内语系和北亚（中西伯利亚）的叶尼塞语系同源并构成德内－叶尼塞语门，[3]却没有任何迹象表明海达语属于该语门。
| 海达语 | |
|---|---|
| Xaat Kíl | |
| 母语国家和地区 | 加拿大 (夏洛特皇后群岛), 阿拉斯加州 (威尔士亲王岛_(阿拉斯加州)) |
| 族群 | 海达人 |
母语使用人数 | 20多人 （2019年） |
| 语系 | |
| 文字 | 拉丁字母 |
| 官方地位 | |
| 作为官方语言 |  海达民族委员会 |
| 管理机构 | 无官方机构 |
| 语言代码 | |
| ISO 639-2 | hai |
| ISO 639-3 | hai——囊括代码各项代码： hdn – 北海达语hax – 南海达语 |
| ELP | Xaad Kil (Haida) |
 | |
| 濒危程度 | |
| 联合国教科文组织认定的濒危语言[1] 极度危险（UNESCO）  | |
大约100年前，全体海达族都使用海达语，[4]但今天海达语却是极度濒危语言，只有20个人在使用，[5] 而今其使用者几乎全是长者。[6][7]
书写系统 编辑
海达语语有两套基于拉丁字母的书写系统：在加拿大常用的，约翰·恩里科（John Enrico）提出的恩里科系统，用来书写南海达语；在美国常用的，阿拉斯加原住民族语言中心（Alaska Native Language Center）提出的ANLC系统，用来书写北海达语。
- ANLC系统区分两个同位异音[t͡ʃ]（英语的ch）和[ts]（汉语拼音的c）。
- 恩里科系统是一种跨方言文字（尽管只跨了两个加拿大方言），它在不同方言中给了不同的语音影射，使得在两种方言中发音相同的词有着不同的写法，而写法相同的词有着不同的发音。[8]
注释 编辑
- ^ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO
- ^ Schoonmaker, Peter K.; Bettina Von Hagen, Edward C. Wolf. The Rain Forests of Home: Profile Of A North American Bioregion. Island Press. 1997: 257. ISBN 1559634804.
- ^ Dene-Yeniseic Symposium. [2013-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-26）.
- ^ UBC World Language Fair’s HAIDA webpage. [2008-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2008-06-13）.
- ^ 只剩20個人會說！加拿大導演拍片護原民族語. [2019-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-04）.
- ^ Ethnologue report for language code:hdn. [2008-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-08）.
- ^ Haida Language Mainpage. [2008-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-12）.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Ways of Writing Haida. [2013-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-05）.
参考文献 编辑
- Enrico, John; Stuart, Wendy Bross. Northern Haida Songs. University of Nebraska Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8032-1816-8.
- Enrico, John. Haida Syntax. University of Nebraska Press. 2003. ISBN 0-8032-1822-2.
- Enrico, John. Toward Proto – Na-Dene. Anthopological Linguistics. 2004, 46 (3): 229–302.
- Lawrence, Erma. Haida dictionary. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. 1977 [2013-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-01）.
- Mithun, Marianne. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. 2001. ISBN 052129875X.
- Schoonmaker, Peter K.; Bettina Von Hagen, Edward C. Wolf. The Rain Forests of Home: Profile Of A North American Bioregion. Island Press. 1997 [2013-02-13]. ISBN 1-55963-480-4. （原始内容存档于2013-06-16）.
延伸阅读 编辑
- Andersen, Doris. 1974. "Slave of the Haida." Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada.
- Bengtson, John D. (2008), "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, vol. 3, Moscow: RSUH Publishers, pp. 45–118
- Dauenhauer, Nora Marks. 2008. "The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804, Anooshi Lingit Aani Ka, Russians in Tlingit America." University of Washington Press.
- Dawson, George M. Vocabulary of the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands (microform). Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1880 [2012-08-26].
- Dürr, Michael & Egon Renner. 1995. The History of the Na-Dene Controversy: A Sketch. Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, ed. by Renner, Egon & Dürr, Michael. 3-18. (Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics 2). Munich: Lincom Europa.
- Enrico, John. 1983a. "The Haida Language." The Outer Shores, edited by Scudder, G. E. and Gessler, Nicholas. Queen Charlotte City, B.C.: Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press. pp. 223–248.
- Enrico, John. 1983b. "Tense in the Haida Relative Clause." International Journal of American Linguistics 52:91–123.
- Enrico, John. 1986. "Word Order, Focus and Topic in Haida." International Journal of American Linguistics 49:136–166.
- Enrico, John. 1991. The Lexical Phonology of Masset Haida. (Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers, 8.) Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
- Enrico, John. 1998. "Remarks on Pitch in Skidegate Haida." Gengo Kenkyu 12:115–120.
- Enrico, John. 2003. Haida Syntax. (2 volumes). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
- Enrico, John. 2005. Haida Dictionary: Skidegate, Masset, and Alaskan Dialects. (2 volumes). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Institute.
- Fisher, Robin. 1992. "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890." UBC Press.
- Greenberg, J.H. 1987a. Language in the Americas. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Greenberg, J.H. 1987b. "The Na-Dene Problem". In Greenberg (1987a), pp. 321–330.
- Harrison, Charles. 1925. "Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific; The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends." London, H. F. & G. Witherby.
- Harrison, Charles; Royal Society of Canada. Haida grammar (microform). Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1895 [2012-08-26].
- Hibben & Carswell. Dictionary of Indian tongues (microform) : containing most of the words and terms used in the Tshimpsean, Hydah, & Chinook, with their meaning or equivalent in the English language. Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1865 [2012-08-26].
- Keen, John Henry. A grammar of the Haida language. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1906 [2012-08-26].
- Levine, Robert D. 1979. Haida and Na-Dene: A New Look at the Evidence. International Journal of American Linguistics 45(2).157–70.
- Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 1996. "Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na Dene languages." Anthropological linguistics 38:179–215.
- Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen. 1976. Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung. (Indiana : Beihefte; 5). Berlin: Mann. ISBN 3-7861-3027-2
- Pinnow. H-J. 1985. Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache. (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft.
- Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification. Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
- Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache. (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
- Rosman, Abraham. 1971. "Feasting with Mine Enemy: Rank and Exchange among Northwest Coast Societies" Columbia University Press.
- Ruhlen M. 1998. "The Origin of the Na-Dene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95, no. 23: 13994-6.
- Sapir, Edward. 1915. The Na-Dene Languages: A Preliminary Report. American Anthropologist 17.534–558.
- Stearns, Mary Lee. 1981. "Haida Culture in Custody." University of Washington Press.
- Swanton, John R. 1905. Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Swanton, John R. 1908. Haida Texts. Masset Dialect. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.
相关影视 编辑
外部链接 编辑
| 关于一系列与海达语有关的词语，参见维基词典上海达语的词语目录 |
- Haida language （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Listen to the sounds of Haida （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Skidegate Haida Portal, First Voices （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Raven, a story in the Haida language （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Haida writing systems （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Haida linguistics bibliography （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- The Book of Common Prayer in Haida （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- How to count in Haida （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- FirstVoices Haida iPhone App （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- FirstVoices Haida Online Dictionary （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）