瓦齐尔汗清真寺
瓦齐尔汗清真寺（乌尔都语：مسجد وزیر خان）是一座位于巴基斯坦旁遮普省省会拉合尔市的17世纪清真寺。清真寺在莫卧儿皇帝沙贾汉在位期间连同包括拉合尔皇家浴室等建筑一并建造。清真寺在1634年开始动工建造，并在1641年完工。[2]
| 瓦齐尔汗清真寺 | |
|---|---|
| مسجد وزیر خان | |
 瓦齐尔汗清真寺被认为是莫卧儿风格清真寺中装饰最豪华的一座[1] | |
| 基本信息 | |
| 国家 |  巴基斯坦 |
| 省 | 旁遮普省 |
| 区 | 拉合尔县 |
| 坐标 | 31°34′59″N 74°19′24″E / 31.58306°N 74.32333°E坐标：31°34′59″N 74°19′24″E / 31.58306°N 74.32333°E |
| 宗教 | 伊斯兰教 |
| 建筑详情 | |
| 建筑类型 | 清真寺和苏菲陵墓 |
| 建筑风格 | 印度-伊斯兰风格、莫卧儿风格 |
| 奠基 | 1634年 |
| 竣工 | 1641年12月3日 |
| 详细规格 | |
| 穹顶 | 5 |
| 外穹顶高度 | 21英尺（6.4米） |
| 内穹顶高度 | 32英尺（9.8米） |
| 外穹顶直径 | 19英尺（5.8米） |
| 内穹顶直径 | 23英尺（7.0米） |
| 宣礼塔 | 4 |
| 宣礼塔高度 | 107英尺（33米） |
| 地图 | |
 | |
瓦齐尔汗清真寺被认为是莫卧儿风格清真寺中装饰最豪华的一座[1]，也著名于其错综复杂的釉陶艺术“kashi-kari”（کاشی کاری），以及建筑内部的精细的莫卧儿时代湿壁画。在阿迦汗文化信托和旁遮普省政府的领导[3]，以及德国、挪威和美国政府的协助之下[4]，清真寺在2009年起进行了大规模翻新。
地理位置 编辑
清真寺位于拉合尔城墙南部一条称为“Shahi Guzargah”的道路的附近，而该道路是以前莫卧儿贵族前往拉合尔堡皇宫的必经之路[5]。清真寺位于德里门（即清真寺的陵园的所在地以西约260米）[5]。清真寺附近是瓦齐尔汗集市广场和奇塔门。
建造背景 编辑
清真寺是莫卧儿皇室庭园总设计师瓦齐尔汗之作[6][7][8]。瓦齐尔汗受任为旁遮普省总督后，被委托在拉合尔当地兴建若干纪念建筑[6]。瓦齐尔汗在奇塔门附近一带拥有不少物业，并在1634年受委托兴建瓦齐尔汗清真寺，以包围备受崇敬的苏菲圣人塞义德·穆罕默德·以撒·格兹鲁尼（اسحاق گازرونی سہروردی لاہوری，又称米伦·伯德舍赫）的陵墓[9]；该陵墓现时位于清真寺内的庭院里[6]。清真寺原址在清真寺动工兴建以前是一个老旧的圣陵[10]。
清真寺内部由鞣合了莫卧儿和旁遮普本地传统装饰风格的湿壁画点缀，而外部则由波斯风格的精细釉陶艺术“kashi-kari”（کاشی کاری）大幅装饰[11]。瓦齐尔汗清真寺取代了先前的别姬夏希清真寺成为拉合尔在主麻日的主清真寺[12]。
瓦齐尔汗清真寺是的一个较大规模的建筑群（包括一个传统上由书法店和书店进驻的商店区）的一部分，而集市广场则位于清真寺正门的前方。[13]
瓦齐尔汗清真寺市集是南亚首个为特定目的而建造的四轴市集：其中两轴对准了清真寺的入口，而另外两轴则组成了“书法家市集”。[14]
除了由一系列商店所组成的“书法家市集”以外，清真寺方面也出租了寺内的一些地方给在寺内北方和东北方立面一带经营生意的商人；清真寺方面也同时营运邻近的夏希土耳其浴场[13][15]。由那些来源得到的收入被当成维持清真寺运作的瓦合甫（献金）[16]。
历史 编辑
瓦齐尔汗清真寺在莫卧儿皇帝沙贾汉的统治下于1634年或1635年开始动工，并在约七年内完工。1880年代后期，鲁德亚德·吉卜林之父约翰·洛克伍德·吉卜林曾在《印度艺术期刊》（Journal of Indian Art）撰写过一篇有关清真寺以及其装饰的文章[17][18]。英国学者弗雷德里克·亨利·安德鲁斯在1903年曾经提及过瓦齐尔汗清真寺曾经陷入失修状态[19]。
参考资料 编辑
脚注 编辑
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO. 2003. ISBN 9789231038761.
- ^ Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment (PDF). Aga Khan Development Network. 2012 [2016-08-25]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-08-27）.
The Wazir Khan Mosque was built in 1634-35 AD (1044-45 AH), by Hakim 'Ali ud din* a governor of the Punjab in the early part of the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
- ^ Walled city of Lahore conservation. [2016-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-26）.
The Walled city of Lahore is famous for several historic monuments including the Lahore Fort – a World Heritage site, the Badshahi and Wazir Khan mosques. Close to 2,000 buildings within the Walled city display a range of architectural features that mark Lahore’s centuries old cultural landscape. A majority of these buildings and the mohallas (local neighbourhoods) in which they are situated form a unique heritage footprint. The work consequently carried out by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) and the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme (AKHCP) was initiated under a 2007 public-private partnership framework agreement with the Government of Punjab.
- ^ Muzaffar, Zareen. The Walled City of Lahore: Protecting Heritage and History. The Diplomat. 2016-02-08 [2016-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-29）.
The Walled City of Lahore program was put into effect in partnership with the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. AKTC supports the Walled City Authority in all technical matters in terms of restoration and conservation work being carried out. Other donors include the World Bank, Royal Norwegian Government, USAID, and the German Embassy.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 History and Background in Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment.. Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme. Aga Khan Cultural Services - Pakistan. 2012 [2016-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-27）.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Asher, p.225
- ^ Goitein, Shelomo Dov. Studies in Islamic History and Institutions. BRILL. 2010: 170. ISBN 9004179313.
- ^ Masjid Vazir K̲h̲ān. Archnet. [2016-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-27）.
The mosque was founded by Hakim Ilmud Din Ansari, a distinguished physician from Chiniot who received the Ministerial title of 'Wazir Khan' under the reign of Shah Jahan, and was later promoted to the position of Viceroy of Punjab.
- ^ Westcoat, p.160
- ^ Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment (PDF). Aga Khan Development Network. 2012 [2016-08-25]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-08-27）.
It was built on the remains of an old Sufi complex and the Sufi grave sites associated with it.
- ^ Wescoat, James. Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects. Dumbarton Oaks. 1996: 160.
- ^ Gharipour, p.87
- ^ 13.0 13.1 CURRENT PROJECTS. Aga Khan Development Network. [2016-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-26）.
The complex included the mosque itself, the chowk (an urban introductory space), a row of hujras (shops) integrated in the entrance system meant specifically for calligraphers and bookbinders, and additional shops on the eastern and northern facades built into the body of the monument.CURRENT PROJECTS
- ^ Salman, Muhammad. DOCUMENTATION AND CONSERVATION OF WAZIR KHAN MOSQUE, LAHORE, PAKISTAN (PDF). Aga Khan Cultural Service. Aga Khan Cultural Service. [2016-08-25]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-11-23）.
- ^ History and Background in Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment.. Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme. Aga Khan Cultural Services - Pakistan. 2012 [2016-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-27）.
The spectacular monumental ensemble of the Wazir Khan Mosque in the Walled City of Lahore was built in 1634 during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Its endowment then comprised the congregational mosque, an elaborate forecourt, a serai, a hammam, a bazaar, and a special bazaar for calligraphers and bookbinders.
- ^ Qasmi, A. H. International encyclopaedia of Islam. Gyan Publishing House. : 269. ISBN 9788182053205.
- ^ Media Archive. umedia.lib.umn.edu. [2019-03-19]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-04）.
- ^ Journal of Indian Art. Journal of Indian Art (1886 and 1887) (London: W. Griggs and Sons). [2019-03-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-05）.
- ^ Mumtaz, Kamil Khan. Reading Masjid Wazir Khan. Islamic Arts. [2016-08-26]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-22）.
参考书籍 编辑
- Asher, Catherine Blanshard. Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521267281.
- Gharipour, Mohammad. The City in the Muslim World: Depictions by Western Travel Writers. Routledge. ISBN 9781317548225.
- Wescoat, James L. Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 9780884022350.
- Haig, Wolseley. The Cambridge History of India. CUP Archive.
