磁化水
(重定向自磁化水處理)
磁化水(也称防垢磁处理或AMT)是一种假想通过穿过磁场来减少硬水、实现硬水软化的一种非化学方法。这种处理工艺被认为未经证实、缺乏科学性。
劳伦斯利佛摩国家实验室于1996年的一项研究中发现,磁化水工艺对水垢的形成没有显着影响。[1]
效果
编辑磁化水设备的供应商常使用图片和轶事证据来支持其主张,但略过细节上更具科学性的研究结果。[2]磁化水相关的广告通常会忽略程序变数,例如腐蚀或系统质量平衡分析,以及硬度离子浓度或悬浮颗粒的分布、结构和形态等后处理水的指标。[2][3] [4] [5]
假想机制
编辑在磁场下暴露的时间、强度、升降率、变化速度以及水平或垂直于流体的方向,被各个结论认为对结果至关重要。 [6]磁化水处理的支持者Klaus Kronenberg提出,溶质石灰分子的形状会受到强磁场的影响,导致它们沉淀为球形或圆形晶体,而非沉积为硬质晶体的片状。 [7]克兰菲尔德大学水科学学院的西蒙·帕森斯(Simon Parsons)提出,磁场会减少小颗粒的表面电荷,从而按比例增加流动时凝结为大颗粒而非沉积的趋势。但1996年劳伦斯利佛摩国家实验室进行的一项内部研究中发现,磁化水处理系统中,沉积水垢的主要晶体结构没有差异。 [1]
Liu[8]、Coey和Cass在2010年和2000年发表的研究报告中指出,磁化处理使包含矿物质的水更利于形成更易溶解的碳酸钙形式(霰石而非方解石)。 [9]
管材
编辑电磁处理的效果依赖于管道特性。影响幅度取决于管道的电导率和表面粗糙度。 [10]
相关设备
编辑世界上有基于各种物理现象的许多有类似阻垢作用的非化学装置,并已销售几十年。 [11]尽管有些有效(例如电解装置),但[12] [13] [14] [15]多数是无效的。[2]
磁化设备的其他用途:
参见
编辑参考文献
编辑- ^ 1.0 1.1 Krauter, PW; Harrar, JE; Orloff, SP; Bahowick, SM. Test of a Magnetic Device for Amelioration of Scale Formation at Treatment Facility D (PDF). Internal Report (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory). 1996 [2009-12-11]. OSTI 567404. doi:10.2172/567404.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Keister, T. Non Chemical Devices: Thirty Years of Myth Busting (PDF). Water Conditioning & Purification. 2008 [2009-12-11]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-04-17).
- ^ Lower, S. Magnetic water treatment and pseudoscience. Chem1Ware Systems Limited. [2009-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-01).
- ^ Limpert, GJC; Raber, JL. Tests of nonchemical scale control devices in a once-through system. Materials Performance. 1985, 24 (10): 40–45. OSTI 6089699.
- ^ Smothers, KW. Magnetic Water Treatment (PDF). Public Works Technical Bulletin 420-49-34. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2001-06-15. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-12-15).
- ^ Chaplin, M. Descaling of Water. Water Structure and Science. London South Bank University. 2011-07-26 [2012-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-27).
- ^ Interview of Klaus Kronenberg, Ph. D. GMX International. [2012-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-22).
- ^ Liu, C. Z.; Lin, C. H.; Yeh, M. S.; Chao, Y. M.; Shen, P. Surface Modification and Planar Defects of Calcium Carbonates by Magnetic Water Treatment. Nanoscale Research Letters. 2010, 5 (12): 1982–1991. Bibcode:2010NRL.....5.1982L. PMC 2991221 . PMID 21170405. doi:10.1007/s11671-010-9736-5.
- ^ Coey, JMD; Cass, S. Magnetic water treatment (PDF). Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2000, 209 (1–3): 71–74 [2020-11-17]. Bibcode:2000JMMM..209...71C. doi:10.1016/S0304-8853(99)00648-4. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-04-09).
- ^ Alimi, F.; Tlili, M. M.; Amor, M. B.; Maurin, G.; Gabrielli, C. Effect of magnetic water treatment on calcium carbonate precipitation: Influence of the pipe material. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification. 2009, 48 (8): 1327. doi:10.1016/j.cep.2009.06.008.
- ^ Chlorine Dioxide Water Treatment & Water Disinfection. Watertreatmentservices.co.uk. [2016-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-14).
- ^ Coetzee PP, Yacoby M and Howall S (1996) The role of zinc in magnetic and other physical water treatment methods for the prevention of scale. Water SA, 22(4): 319-326.
- ^ López-Sandoval E, Vázquez- López C, Zendejas- Leal BE, Ramos G, San Martín-Martínez E, Muñoz Aguirre N, Reguera E (2007) Calcium carbonate scale inhibition using the "allotropic cell" device. Desalination 217:85-92.
- ^ Pernot B, Euvrard H, Remy F and Simon, P (1999) Influence of Zn(II) on the crystallisation of calcium carbonate application to scaling mechanisms. Journal of Water SRT-Aqua, 48(1): 16-23.
- ^ MacAdam J PhD Thesis Cranfield University UK. Dept of Water Science and various studies
- ^ Whitaker, S. Guardian launches electrolytic scale inhibitor. Industry Today. 2011-08-05 [2012-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2014-08-17).
- ^ Watt, DL; Rosenfelder, C; Sutton, CD. The effect of oral irrigation with a magnetic water treatment device on plaque and calculus. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1993, 20 (5): 314–7. PMID 8501270. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1993.tb00366.x.
- ^ Johnson, KE; Sanders, JJ; Gellin, RG; Palesch, YY. The effectiveness of a magnetized water oral irrigator (Hydro Floss) on plaque, calculus and gingival health. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1998, 25 (4): 316–21. PMID 9565283. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02447.x.
- ^ Allen, M. Looking For A Miracle: We Test Automotive 'Fuel Savers'. Popular Mechanics. 2010-08-25 [2012-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2010-07-27).