第二次意大利埃塞俄比亚战争
第二次意大利埃塞俄比亚战争是由意大利于1935年10月3日发起的入侵埃塞俄比亚的军事行动。意大利以1934年12月一次意属索马里与埃塞俄比亚的边界冲突为借口,拒绝埃塞俄比亚的所有和解请求,大举入侵埃塞俄比亚。战争一共进行了约7个月,以埃塞俄比亚被军事占领及并入意属东非告终。[8][9]
第二次意大利埃塞俄比亚战争 | |||||||||
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意大利埃塞俄比亚战争的一部分 | |||||||||
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参战方 | |||||||||
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指挥官与领导者 | |||||||||
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兵力 | |||||||||
约500,000名兵员(约20%为临时征召兵员) 约595架飞机[2] 约795辆坦克[2] |
约800,000名兵员(约40%为临时征召兵员) 约13架飞机 约11辆坦克 | ||||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||||
10,000人阵亡1 (1936年5月估计)[3] 44,000人负伤(1936年5月估计)[4] 9,555人阵亡2 (1936年–1940年估计)[5] 144,000人非战斗减员或负伤 (1936年–1940年估计)[6] 总计: 至多20,000人阵亡,188,000人非战斗减员或负伤 |
约275,000人阵亡 约500,000人负伤 总计:至多775,000人伤亡 [注 1] | ||||||||
1 意大利方面估计;[3] 2 以1940年前6个月的估计作为基础;综合了非洲方面的数据。[5] |
由于意大利相对拥有明显的军事优势,并且违反于1925年签署的《日内瓦协议》使用芥子毒气[10],埃塞俄比亚军队迅速溃败,首都亚的斯亚贝巴于1936年5月5日被意大利军队占领,皇帝海尔·塞拉西一世流亡英国,5月7日意大利国王维托里奥·埃马努埃莱三世宣布吞并埃塞俄比亚帝国使之成为意大利王国的一部分。
起因
编辑1922年墨索里尼上台后希望扩张领土,独霸地中海,重新瓜分东非和北非的英、法殖民地。1929年的大萧条严重冲击了意大利,墨索里尼断定殖民地扩张是减轻国内经济压力所必需的办法,进而走向了扩张的道路。首先他希望先吞并阿比西尼亚,但想达到目的,必先得到英、法默许。英、法最终对意大利的行为采取绥靖政策,使意大利得以成功侵占埃塞俄比亚。
法国当时急于拉拢意大利对抗德国,对侵略计划采取纵容的态度,1935年1月7日墨索里尼与法国外长皮埃尔·赖伐尔签署了《意法协定》。而英国则担心意大利此举可能动摇其在东非、埃及和苏丹的统治,所以起初持反对态度。但最后英国认为和意大利开战的风险太大并认为牺牲阿比西尼亚可以令墨索里尼不和德国结盟,最终给意大利暗示,不会干预侵略行动。
墨索里尼认为时机已成熟,便于1935年10月3日发动了侵略战争。
经过
编辑意大利入侵独立的非洲王国阿比西尼亚,以东北非意军总司令E.德博诺将军为总指挥,分北、中、南三路进攻埃塞俄比亚,其中北路军为主力。同年11月16日由P.巴多利奥接任元帅。埃军总数约450,000人—500,000人。虽然已经不如第一次入侵时辉煌,但是埃塞俄比亚军的人数仍然具有规模,对保卫国家的意志与传统仍然相当坚决,比起其他非洲国家仍然有不错的军事实力,并不像坊间谣传的一样落后;但开战后,埃军仍然无力阻挡装备与素质相对先进精良的意大利部队。5月5日意军攻陷埃塞俄比亚首都亚的斯亚贝巴,9日墨索里尼宣布将埃塞俄比亚领土并入意大利王国。
结果
编辑1936年5月在经过一场长达7个月的战役之后,阿比西尼亚被征服,皇帝海尔·塞拉西一世被迫流亡英国。英法操纵国联对意经济制裁,但拒绝实施两项重要措施,即禁运石油和封锁苏伊士运河。
影响
编辑备注
编辑- ^ Angelo Del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935–1941 (1965), cites a 1945 memorandum from Ethiopia to the Conference of Prime Ministers, which tallies 760,300 natives dead; of them, battle deaths: 275,000, hunger among refugees: 300,000, patriots killed during occupation: 75,000, concentration camps: 35,000, Feb. 1937 massacre: 30,000, executions: 24,000, civilians killed by air force: 17,800.[7] Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century
注释
编辑- ^ 5月5日埃塞俄比亚首都沦陷,但抵抗运动仍持续了数年。双方正规军最后一次战斗发生在1937年2月19日。
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Barker, A. J., The Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 20
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Alberto Sbacchi, "The Price of Empire: Towards an Enumeration of Italian Casualties in Ethiopia 1935–1940", in ed. Harold G. Marcus, Ethiopianist Notes, vol. II, No. 2, p.37.
- ^ Sbacchi, "The Price of Empire", p.36.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Sbacchi, "The Price of Empire", p.43.
- ^ Sbacchi, "The Price of Empire", p.38.
- ^ Angelo Del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935–1941 (1965)
- ^ andry. Second Italo - Abyssinian War 1935-1936. WAR CHAT- War News and History. [2008-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-09-27) (英语).
- ^ Second Italo-Abyssinian War 1935-1936. OnWar.com. [2008-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2010-02-06) (英语).
- ^ Bernard Bridel. Les ambulances à Croix-Rouge du CICR sous les gaz en Ethiopie. Le Temps. 2003-08-13 [2008-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2009-07-19) (法语).
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