红胡子 (中国东北)

红胡子又称东北红胡子，是清朝咸丰至中华人民共和国成立期间^[1]活跃在中国东北、西伯利亚东南部以及俄罗斯远东地区的强盗和土匪。

名称

红胡子多为汉人，本身并不能长出红色胡须。关于红胡子名称来源，俄国学者穆罗夫认为，这些土匪喜欢用红色绳穗装饰武器，这些人在用枪射击时，从远处眺望好似长著红色胡须。美国比林斯利教授认为，土匪为掩人耳目，使用京剧中红色的髯口作为伪装^[1]。

历史

1644至1667年间，不少关内百姓移民满洲，同时还有内地百姓因犯罪被流放至满洲。1878年后，清朝取消满洲移民禁令，移民数量陡增。这些人构成了红胡子的人口基数。后来数十年间红胡子又吸引了一些朝鲜人、日本人以及流窜至东北的俄国战俘以及一些俄国哥萨克参与。而同期由于清朝爆发太平天国之乱，调集一部分关外军队前往镇压，使得关外兵力空虚。在此消彼长之下红胡子势力开始坐大，并在丹东附近建立大本营，一度自称“夹皮沟红胡子共和国”^[1]，甚至一部分红胡子前往俄国作案^[2]。

19世纪末，俄罗斯修建东清铁路时，时常遭到红胡子袭击^[3]。

义和团运动爆发时，红胡子也参与其中。庚子俄难和沙俄入侵东北时，红胡子抵抗俄军入侵^[4]。

1902年，数百红胡子进攻松花江右岸新城，结果被百余名俄国中东路卫兵击败，红胡子被击毙百余人，被俘获二十余人^[1]。

1906年7月，红胡子在哈尔滨绑架一位中国商人，勒索赎金赎金20万卢布。9月，红胡子抢劫哈尔滨一家银行以及袭击中东路列车。1907年5月，红胡子再度袭击中东路边境车站^[1]。1906年10月3日，两名红胡子在海参崴监狱以武装抢劫的罪名被绞死，他们是第一批被俄国人处死的红胡子^[2]。

1907年，俄国警卫部队在哈尔滨与红胡子交火^[1]。

1908年6月，50多名红胡子袭击了一个俄罗斯村庄。9月，红胡子袭击上阿穆尔公司押镖的黄金运输队。同月，150多人红胡子包围恰辛纳村，抢走五百普特的面粉和衣服鞋帽^[2]。　

红胡子曾经受到张作霖指挥^[5]。后来红胡子又袭击过日军^[6]。

在苏联红军和东北民主联军打击下，活跃在两国境内的红胡子逐渐消亡^[2]。

参考资料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 东北红胡子一个世纪的匪患(图). 北京晚报. [2020-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-16）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 红胡子，一个世纪的匪患. 北京晚报. [2020-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-16）.
^ Xiang, Lanxin. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study. Routledge. 2003: 156. ISBN 0-7007-1563-0.
^ Felix Patrikeeff, Harold Shukman. Railways and the Russo-Japanese War: transporting war. Taylor & Francis. 2007: 53 [18 March 2012]. ISBN 978-0-7146-5721-9. （原始内容存档于2023-08-16）. Another hazard faced by the Russian soldiers when they reached Manchuria was that of the Hunghutze, nomadic bandits, many of whom had migrated to Manchuria from China proper, but had done so as outlaws and criminals.
^ Louis Livingston Seaman. From Tokyo through Manchuria with the Japanese. PRINTED AT THE APPLETON PRESS, NEW YORK, U.S.A.: S. Appleton. 1904: 148 [18 March 2012]. CHAPTER IX
WITH THE CHINESE BANDITS OF MANCHUBIA
While we were in Newchwang reports of raids by the bandit Hung-hutzes (commonly spelled Chun-chuzes in American newspapers), literally the "Red Beards," of Manchuria, although not one of them has a red beard, or any other kind of a beard, became so frequent that my companion, Captain Boyd, and myself determined to try to visit them. We hoped to see for ourselves something of the characteristics and methods of those 10,000 or more guerillas that on the west infest the border of the fighting zone in Manchuria, harrowing the rear and right flank of the Russian army, compelling it to quadruple its Cossack guards in that region in order to protect its supply-trains, as well as the refugees from Port Arthur in their efforts to reach Mukden by way of Hsin-Min-Tung. LONDON SIDNEY APPLETON COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY Original from the University of California Digitized Nov 21, 2007
^ Fred Arthur McKenzie. The unveiled East. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN: E.P. Dutton and company. 1907: 114 [18 March 2012]. During the last stage of our journey through the Japanese lines we were guarded like valuable and brittle china. A Japanese frontier officer came down to meet us; we had infantry in front and behind us, and mounted gendarmes were sent ahead to explore each valley and wood. The officer explained to us, with much detail, that there had been many deaths from the Hung-hutzes there, and he was not going to permit us to be added to the roll. The houses showed how seriously the brigands are regarded here. Near each station was a fortified barracks, built by the Russians during their occupation, with high walls, ironshod gates, loop holes, and high inspection tower. The houses placed outside these walls had their sides carefully banked up, like earthworks. "Sometimes the robbers come and fire shots into our houses at night time," said the officer. "If we did not make thick earthen ramparts around, we would be killed." NEW YORK E. P. DUTTON AND COMPANY 31 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET 1907 Original from Harvard University Digitized Mar 26, 2009

[bei-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 东北红胡子一个世纪的匪患(图). 北京晚报. [2020-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-16）.

[wanbao-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 红胡子，一个世纪的匪患. 北京晚报. [2020-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-16）.

[3] Xiang, Lanxin. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study. Routledge. 2003: 156. ISBN 0-7007-1563-0.

[4] Felix Patrikeeff, Harold Shukman. Railways and the Russo-Japanese War: transporting war. Taylor & Francis. 2007: 53 [18 March 2012]. ISBN 978-0-7146-5721-9. （原始内容存档于2023-08-16）. Another hazard faced by the Russian soldiers when they reached Manchuria was that of the Hunghutze, nomadic bandits, many of whom had migrated to Manchuria from China proper, but had done so as outlaws and criminals.

[5] Louis Livingston Seaman. From Tokyo through Manchuria with the Japanese. PRINTED AT THE APPLETON PRESS, NEW YORK, U.S.A.: S. Appleton. 1904: 148 [18 March 2012]. CHAPTER IX
WITH THE CHINESE BANDITS OF MANCHUBIA
While we were in Newchwang reports of raids by the bandit Hung-hutzes (commonly spelled Chun-chuzes in American newspapers), literally the "Red Beards," of Manchuria, although not one of them has a red beard, or any other kind of a beard, became so frequent that my companion, Captain Boyd, and myself determined to try to visit them. We hoped to see for ourselves something of the characteristics and methods of those 10,000 or more guerillas that on the west infest the border of the fighting zone in Manchuria, harrowing the rear and right flank of the Russian army, compelling it to quadruple its Cossack guards in that region in order to protect its supply-trains, as well as the refugees from Port Arthur in their efforts to reach Mukden by way of Hsin-Min-Tung. LONDON SIDNEY APPLETON COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY Original from the University of California Digitized Nov 21, 2007

[6] Fred Arthur McKenzie. The unveiled East. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN: E.P. Dutton and company. 1907: 114 [18 March 2012]. During the last stage of our journey through the Japanese lines we were guarded like valuable and brittle china. A Japanese frontier officer came down to meet us; we had infantry in front and behind us, and mounted gendarmes were sent ahead to explore each valley and wood. The officer explained to us, with much detail, that there had been many deaths from the Hung-hutzes there, and he was not going to permit us to be added to the roll. The houses showed how seriously the brigands are regarded here. Near each station was a fortified barracks, built by the Russians during their occupation, with high walls, ironshod gates, loop holes, and high inspection tower. The houses placed outside these walls had their sides carefully banked up, like earthworks. "Sometimes the robbers come and fire shots into our houses at night time," said the officer. "If we did not make thick earthen ramparts around, we would be killed." NEW YORK E. P. DUTTON AND COMPANY 31 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET 1907 Original from Harvard University Digitized Mar 26, 2009

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