美什维什
美什维什（埃及语：Mšwš.w，英语：Meshwesh，在古埃及语中常被缩写为Ma），是一个古利比亚柏柏尔人部族，[1]与利布和特赫努类似。[2]
关于美什维什人的早期记录可以追溯到埃及第十八王朝的阿蒙霍特普三世统治时期。在第十九和第二十王朝期间（约公元前1295-1075年），美什维什人与古埃及几乎一直处于冲突之中。在第二十一王朝后期，越来越多的美什维什人开始在埃及的西三角洲地区定居。在第二十一王朝后期，在奥索尔孔法老治下最终控制了埃及。经过38年的休养生息，在此期间，埃及本土的君主西阿蒙和普苏森尼斯二世继承了法老之位，美什维什人在整个第二十二和第二十三王朝统治着埃及，统治者包括舍顺克一世、奥索尔孔一世、奥索尔孔二世、舍顺克三世和奥索尔孔三世等法老。
参考资料
编辑- ^ Oyeniyi, Bukola A. The History of Libya. ABC-CLIO. 2019-03-22 [2022-10-24]. ISBN 978-1-4408-5607-5. （原始内容存档于2022-10-25） （英语）.
- ^ Zimmermann, K. Lebou/Libou. Encyclopédie berbère. 2008-01-01, (28–29): 4361–4363 [2022-10-24]. ISSN 1015-7344. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.319. （原始内容存档于2022-10-24） （法语）.
- Bates, Oric. 1914. The Eastern Libyans: An Essay. Cass Library of African Studies 87. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited. ISBN 0-7146-1634-6
- Dodson, Aidan Mark. 1995. "Rise & Fall of The House of Shoshenq: The Libyan Centuries of Egyptian History." KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt 6 (3):52–67.
- Gomaà, Farouk. 1974. Die libyschen Fürstentümer des Deltas von Tod Osorkons II. bis zur Wiedervereinigen Ägyptens durch Psametik I. Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (Reihe B [Geistewissenschaften]) 6. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
- Haring, Bernardus Johannes Jozef. 1992. "Libyans in the Late Twentieth Dynasty". In Village Voices: Proceedings of the Symposium 'Texts from Deir el-Medîna and Their Interpretation,' Leiden, May 31–June 1, 1991, edited by Robert Johannes Demarée and Arno Egberts. Centre of Non-Western Studies Publications 13. Leiden: Centre of Non-Western Studies, Leiden University. 71–80.
- Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson. [1996]. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC). 3rd ed. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited.
- Leahy, M. Anthony. 1985. "The Libyan Period in Egypt: An Essay in Interpretation." Libyan Studies 16:51–65.
- ———, ed. 1990. Libya and Egypt c1300–750 BC. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, and The Society for Libyan Studies.
- Snape, Steven. 2003. "The Emergence of Libya on the Horizon of Egypt". In Mysterious Lands, edited by David B. O'Connor and Stephen G. J. Quirke. Encounters with Ancient Egypt 5. London: Institute of Archaeology, University College London and UCL Press. 93–106.
- Wainwright, Geoffrey Avery. 1962. "The Meshwesh." Journal of Egyptian Archæology 48:89–99.
- White, Donald. 1994. "Before the Greeks Came: A Survey of the Current Archaeological Evidence for the Pre-Greek Libyans." Libyan Studies 25 (Cyrenaican Archaeology: An International Colloquium):31–39, 43–44.
- Yoyotte, Jean. 1961. "Les principautés du Delta au temps de l'anarchie libyenne (Études d'histoire politique)". In Mélanges Maspero. Volume 1: Orient ancien. Mémoires publiés par les membres de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire 66/1 (fascicle 4). Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire. 121–181.