莽原之役

莽原之役
	美国内战的一部分
	; Battle of the Wilderness by Kurz and Allison
日期	1864年5月5日－5月7日
地点	弗吉尼亚州斯波特夕法尼亚县与奥兰治县38°18′59″N 77°45′35″W / 38.3164°N 77.7597°W
结果	未有胜负（联邦军攻势（英语：Overland Campaign）仍进行中）
参战方
美国	美利坚联盟国
指挥官与领导者
尤利西斯·格兰特; 乔治·米德	罗伯特·李
参战单位
波多马克军团; 联邦军第9军（英语：IX Corps (Union Army)）;	北弗吉尼亚军团
兵力
124,232 ("present for duty")	60–65,000
伤亡与损失
17,666; （2,246人阵亡、; 12,037人受伤、; 3,383人被俘/失踪）	11,033; （1,477人阵亡、; 7,866人受伤、; 1,690人被俘/失踪）

莽原之役（英语：Battle of Wilderness），爆发于1864年5月5日至7日。

战前

1864年5月3日，格兰特麾下波多马克军团的十三万大军南下弗吉尼亚州，追赶兵败盖茨堡的北弗吉尼亚军团。格兰特希望能够长驱直入弗吉尼亚的里士满。大军的右翼为高佛勒·沃伦（Gouverneur Kemble Warren）以及约翰·塞吉威克（John Sedgwick）的两个兵团；左翼则为温菲尔德·汉考克的兵团和沃伦的骑兵。

4日，大军出发。不过，直到5日，当北军的大军渡过了波多马克河时，军人数目只是仅仅超过十万。李将军见到北军此举后，立即派军攻击其侧翼，但不成功。

战事

沃伦和塞吉威克进军时遇上理查·尤尔的阻挠，沃伦派出查尔斯·格里芬（Charles Griffin）和塞缪尔·克劳佛（Samuel Wylie Crawford）两师出击，克劳佛被击退，詹姆斯·瓦斯渥斯（James Samuel Wadsworth）少将加入，支援格里芬，终能扭转局势。然而，南军的约翰·高登突击北军右翼，俘得1,000多人。

同时，南面的汉考克正攻击A·P·希尔，希尔不久被击退，但在李将军的总部前死守，暂时挡住汉考克的追击。次日，汉考克命40,000人再度攻击希尔，成功逼南军退后两里，李将军遂非常担心，因为数小时前，隆史崔特就该到达。

中午，隆史崔特率20,000人赶来支援希尔，把疲惫不堪和乱成一团的北军击退，重夺失地，更在5月5日时南北双方的阵线外一里，将汉考克的北军一分为二。只是，20,000名南军不足以继续进一步打击无法互助的北军，而且隆史崔特这时身受重伤，此后数个月都不能上战场。

战后

两军之间只有零星战斗，至8日，北军始继续南下。爆发史波特斯凡尼亚郡府之役

注释

^ NPS （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. There was no significant fighting on May 7 and some authors, such as Welcher, p. 941, use the dates May 5–6.
^ Battle Summary: Wilderness, VA. www.nps.gov. [2019-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-12）.
^ Further information:
Organization of the forces operating against Richmond, on the morning of May 5, 1864: Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, pages 106-116.
^ This Army Corps was under direct orders of Lieut. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant until May 24, 1864, when it was assigned to the Army of the Potomac. See: Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, page 113 (note at the bottom of the page).
^ "Present for duty" (April 30, 1864): Army of the Potomac: 102,869; IX Army Corps: 21,363. See Abstract from tri-monthly return of the Army of the Potomac, Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, U.S. Army commanding, April 30, 1864 (Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, page 198) and Abstract from return of the Ninth Army Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, U.S. Army, for April 30, 1864 (Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, page 915).
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 101,895 Union, 61,025 Confederate according NPS （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; Rhea, p. 34, estimates 120,000 Union, 65,000 Confederate.
^ Return of Casualties in the Union forces, Battle of Wilderness, May 5–7, 1864 (Recapitulation): Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, page 133.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Young, p. 235. Although estimates of Union casualties are relatively consistent across sources, historians have presented significantly different figures for Confederate casualties. See the Aftermath section on casualties.

参见

莽原之役北军战斗序列（英语：Wilderness Union order of battle）
莽原之役南军战斗序列（英语：Wilderness Confederate order of battle）

外部链接

Animated History of the Overland Campaign including the Battle of The Wilderness （英文）
West Point Atlas map of the Overland Campaign^{[永久失效链接]} （英文）
Chatham Plantation: Witness to the Civil War, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（英文）

[1] NPS （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. There was no significant fighting on May 7 and some authors, such as Welcher, p. 941, use the dates May 5–6.

[NPS-2] Battle Summary: Wilderness, VA. www.nps.gov. [2019-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-12）.

[3] Further information:
Organization of the forces operating against Richmond, on the morning of May 5, 1864: Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, pages 106-116.

[4] This Army Corps was under direct orders of Lieut. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant until May 24, 1864, when it was assigned to the Army of the Potomac. See: Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, page 113 (note at the bottom of the page).

[5] "Present for duty" (April 30, 1864): Army of the Potomac: 102,869; IX Army Corps: 21,363. See Abstract from tri-monthly return of the Army of the Potomac, Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, U.S. Army commanding, April 30, 1864 (Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, page 198) and Abstract from return of the Ninth Army Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, U.S. Army, for April 30, 1864 (Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, page 915).

[strengths-6] 6.0 ^6.1 101,895 Union, 61,025 Confederate according NPS （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; Rhea, p. 34, estimates 120,000 Union, 65,000 Confederate.

[7] Return of Casualties in the Union forces, Battle of Wilderness, May 5–7, 1864 (Recapitulation): Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, page 133.

[casualties-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Young, p. 235. Although estimates of Union casualties are relatively consistent across sources, historians have presented significantly different figures for Confederate casualties. See the Aftermath section on casualties.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]