堪察加棕熊

堪察加棕熊
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	哺乳纲 Mammalia
目：	食肉目 Carnivora
科：	熊科 Ursidae
属：	熊属 Ursus
种：	棕熊 U. arctos
亚种：	堪察加棕熊 U. a. beringianus
三名法
	Ursus arctos beringianus; Middendorff, 1851
异名
	kolymensis Ognev, 1924; mandchuricus Heude, 1898; piscator Pucheran, 1855

堪察加棕熊（学名：Ursus arctos beringianus；俄语：Камчатский бурый медведь，英文名：Kamchatka brown bear），又叫西伯利亚棕熊，是棕熊的一个亚种，分布于堪察加半岛、卡拉金斯克岛、千岛群岛等地^[1]。线粒体DNA序列分析显示它与阿拉斯加（科迪亚克棕熊）、库页岛与蒙古等地的棕熊亲缘关系接近^[2]。堪察加棕熊很少袭击人类^[3]。

形态

母熊与小熊

堪察加棕熊是一种大型棕熊，可能是欧亚大陆最大的棕熊^[4]，体长可达3米，重可达650公斤，大小与科迪亚克棕熊相当，雄性头骨可长达40.3–43.6公分，宽25.8–27.7公分；雌性头骨长37.2–38.6公分，宽21.6–24.2公分。毛色一般为带有些为紫色光泽的深棕色，浅棕色的个体十分少见^[1]。

生态

堪察加棕熊在夏季常以蓝莓、岩高兰的果实与粉红鲑和虹鳟为食，秋天则食用坚果与鱼类，食物缺乏时也会食用死鱼与禾草。

堪察加棕熊较少攻击人类，有统计显示仅有1%的遭遇事件演变成袭击^[5]。十九世纪时，最早进入堪察加地区的欧洲人便对此地棕熊的数量与体型大小感到惊讶，且纪录其习性较东西伯利亚棕熊（英语：East Siberian brown bear）（Ursus arctos collaris）温驯^[6]。不过2008年7月，堪察加奥柳托尔斯基区曾有一开采铂的矿坑被多达30只的堪察加棕熊群体包围，且有两名守卫被攻击遇难^[7]。

狩猎

堪察加棕熊是俄罗斯狩猎产业中价钱最高的战利品之一。2005年，堪察加的野生动物管理部门便核发了500张狩猎许可，为该地区创造为数不小的经济收益^[4]。

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), V.G Heptner and N.P Naumov editors, Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 1998. ISBN 1-886106-81-9
^ Odbayar Tumendemberel , Andreas Zedrosser, Michael F. Proctor, Harry V. Reynolds, Jennifer R. Adams, Jack M. Sullivan, Sarah J. Jacobs, Tumennasan Khorloojav, Tuya Tserenbataa, Mijiddorj Batmunkh, Jon E. Swenson, Lisette P. Waits. Phylogeography, genetic diversity, and connectivity of brown bear populations in Central Asia. PLOS ONE. 2019, 14 (8): e0220746. ISSN 1932-6203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220746.
^ BROWN BEAR (URSUS ARCTOS PISCATOR) REACTION TO HUMANS ON KAMCHATKA （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, I. A. Revenko, Kamchatka Ecology and Environmental Institute, pr. Rybakov, 19 a, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 683024, Russia. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-09-26.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Prospects for polar tourism by John Snyder and Bernard Stonehouse, published by CABI, 2007, ISBN 1-84593-247-1
^ I. A. Revenko. BROWN BEAR (URSUS ARCTOS PISCATOR) REACTION TO HUMANS ON KAMCHATKA (PDF). Kamchatka Ecology and Environmental Institute, pr. Rybakov, 19 a, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 683024, Russia. [2019-02-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-02-19）.
^ The Kamchatka Brown Bear. Kamchatkapeninsula.com. [2019-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-13）.
^ Bears eat two workers in remote Russian region. The Guardian. 2008-07-23 [2019-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-09）.

外部连接

Photos of the Kamchatka Brown Bear (Ursus arctos beringianus) by Klaus Nigge

[soviet-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), V.G Heptner and N.P Naumov editors, Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 1998. ISBN 1-886106-81-9

[ChiangTumendemberel2019-2] Odbayar Tumendemberel , Andreas Zedrosser, Michael F. Proctor, Harry V. Reynolds, Jennifer R. Adams, Jack M. Sullivan, Sarah J. Jacobs, Tumennasan Khorloojav, Tuya Tserenbataa, Mijiddorj Batmunkh, Jon E. Swenson, Lisette P. Waits. Phylogeography, genetic diversity, and connectivity of brown bear populations in Central Asia. PLOS ONE. 2019, 14 (8): e0220746. ISSN 1932-6203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220746.

[3] BROWN BEAR (URSUS ARCTOS PISCATOR) REACTION TO HUMANS ON KAMCHATKA （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, I. A. Revenko, Kamchatka Ecology and Environmental Institute, pr. Rybakov, 19 a, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 683024, Russia. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-09-26.

[tourism-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Prospects for polar tourism by John Snyder and Bernard Stonehouse, published by CABI, 2007, ISBN 1-84593-247-1

[5] I. A. Revenko. BROWN BEAR (URSUS ARCTOS PISCATOR) REACTION TO HUMANS ON KAMCHATKA (PDF). Kamchatka Ecology and Environmental Institute, pr. Rybakov, 19 a, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 683024, Russia. [2019-02-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-02-19）.

[kam-6] The Kamchatka Brown Bear. Kamchatkapeninsula.com. [2019-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-13）.

[7] Bears eat two workers in remote Russian region. The Guardian. 2008-07-23 [2019-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-09）.

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