园蛛科
蜘蛛目的一科节肢动物
(重定向自Araneidae)
园蛛科(学名:Araneidae),又称圆蛛科、金蛛科或鬼蛛科。这一科的蜘蛛非常美丽、显著,并且常在跨小径及类似的地方纺织其半米以上的大轮形网,然后把自己挂在其中心等待猎物来到。部分圆蛛科的蜘蛛(如十字园蛛)会在网中央地方另外纺织数条锯齿形,或其他显著形式的斑纹向外延伸。然后半黑半白的或半黑半黄的蜘蛛,静止不动时会停留在白色丝带交叉的中央区域附近,将脚两两并拢呈现大“X”字形;但亦有学者指出这些蜘蛛网上的丝质装饰物具有吸引猎物的功能。 [5]
圆蛛科![]() | |
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Araneus heroine | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | 蛛形纲 Arachnida |
目: | 蜘蛛目 Araneae |
亚目: | 背突蛛亚目 Opisthothelae |
下目: | 新蛛亚目 Araneomorphae |
演化支: | 复杂生殖器类 Entelegynae |
演化支: | 圆网蛛类 Orbiculariae |
总科: | 园蛛总科 Araneoidea |
科: | 园蛛科 Araneidae Simon, 1895 |
属 | |
约166属 | |
异名 | |
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“圆蛛科”的各地常用名称 | |
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中国大陆 | 园蛛科 |
台湾 | 金蛛科[3][4]或鬼蛛科 |
这种蜘蛛会尽量避免与任何大动物有接触,其毒对人不很危险,反应跟其对蜜蜂毒的反应差不多。
这一科蜘蛛的视力远不如狼蛛科、跳蛛科,只足以辨别黑白。因而它们依赖触觉认识到猎物,及其他在环境重要的东西。
落到网里后,猎物的挣扎很容易破坏网,于是蜘蛛立刻尽力迅速地用丝把猎物包起来,使之不能动弹,然后趁机会咬之、注射其毒液,等它不挣扎了就再过来吃。
圆蛛科蜘蛛种类很多,全球约有2500种。体长由2—60毫米。当中哥伦比亚有一种叫链球蛛(Bolas |Spider)的本科蜘蛛,会将自己的丝线弄成一个黏球,该黏球带有类似雌蛾的气味,待雄蛾受气味吸引飞近时,即挥动黏球将其击中,成为美味大餐。因为这样的动作似牛仔挥动绳圈,链球蛛又被称为牛仔蜘蛛。
下级分类
编辑本科包括以下属:[6]
- Acacesia Simon, 1895
- Acantharachne Tullgren, 1910
- Acanthepeira Marx, 1883
- Acroaspis Karsch, 1878
- Acrosomoides Simon, 1887
- Actinacantha Simon, 1864
- Actinosoma Holmberg, 1883
- Aculepeira Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
- 吊叶蛛属 Acusilas Simon, 1895
- Aethriscus Pocock, 1902
- Aethrodiscus Strand, 1913
- Aetrocantha Karsch, 1879
- Afracantha Dahl, 1914
- Agalenatea Archer, 1951
- Agelenatea
- Alenatea Song & Zhu, 1999
- Allocyclosa Levi, 1999
- Alpaida O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
- Amazonepeira Levi, 1989
- Anepeira Wunderlich, 2004
- 阿园蛛属 Anepsion Strand, 1929
- Arachnura Vinson, 1863
- Aranea Clerck, 1757
- Araneometa Wunderlich, 1988
- 鬼蛛属 Araneus Clerck, 1757
- Araniella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
- Aranoethra Butler, 1873
- 金蛛属 Argiope Audouin, 1826
- Artifex Kallal & Hormiga, 2018
- Artonis Simon, 1895
- Artonis Thorell, 1895
- Aspidolasius Simon, 1887
- Atea Koch, 1837
- Augusta O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1877
- Austracantha Dahl, 1914
- Backobourkia Framenau, Dupérré, Blackledge & Vink, 2010
- Bararaneus Wunderlich, 2004
- Bertrana Keyserling, 1884
- Caerostris Thorell, 1868
- Carepalxis L.Koch, 1872
- Celaenia Thorell, 1868
- Cercidia Thorell, 1869
- 壮头蛛属 Chorizopes O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1871
- 类壮头蛛属 Chorizopesoides Mi & Wang, 2018
- Chrysometata Wunderlich, 2004
- Cladomelea Simon, 1895
- Clitaetra Simon, 1889
- Cnodalia Thorell, 1890
- Coelossia Simon, 1895
- Colaranea Court & Forster, 1988
- Collina Urquhart, 1891
- Colphepeira Archer, 1941
- Cryptaranea Court & Forster, 1988
- 艾蛛属 Cyclosa Menge, 1866
- Cyclososoma Petrunkevitch, 1958
- Cyphalonotus Simon, 1895
- Cyrtarachne Thorell, 1868
- Cyrtobill Framenau & Scharff, 2009
- 曲腹蛛属 Cyrtophora Simon, 1864
- 丘园蛛属 Deione Thorell, 1898
- Deliochus Simon, 1894
- Dolophones Walckenaer, 1837
- Dubiepeira Levi, 1991
- Edricus O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1890
- Enacrosoma Mello-Leitão, 1932
- Encyosaccus Simon, 1895
- Eoaraneus Wunderlich, 2004
- Eochorizopes Wunderlich, 2008
- Eonephila Wunderlich, 2004
- Eozygiella Wunderlich, 2004
- Epeiroides Keyserling, 1885
- 转刺蛛属 Eriophora Simon, 1864
- 毛圆蛛属 Eriovixia Archer, 1951
- Eustacesia Caporiacco, 1954
- Eustala Simon, 1895
- Eustaloides Petrunkevitch, 1942
- Exechocentrus Simon, 1889
- Faradja Grasshoff, 1970
- Fossilaraneus Wunderlich, 1988
- Friula O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1897
- Galaporella Levi, 2009
- Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833
- Gastroxya Benoit, 1962
- Gea C.L.Koch, 1843
- Geratonephila Poinar, 2012
- Geratonephila burmanica Poinar, 2012[7]
- Gibbaranea Archer, 1951
- Glyptogona Simon, 1884
- Gnolus Simon, 1879
- Herennia Thorell, 1877
- Heterognatha Nicolet, 1849
- Heurodes Keyserling, 1886
- Hingstepeira Levi, 1995
- Hortophora Framenau & Castanheira, 2021
- Hypognatha Guérin-Méneville, 1839
- Hyposinga
- Hypsacantha Dahl, 1914
- 亮腹蛛属 Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871
- Ideocaira Simon, 1903
- Indoetra Kuntner, 2006
- Isoxya Simon, 1885
- Kaira O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
- Kapogea Levi, 1997
- Kilima Grasshoff, 1970
- 肥蛛属 Larinia Simon, 1874
- Lariniaria Grasshoff, 1970
- 类肥蛛属 Larinioides Caporiacco, 1934
- Lariniophora Framenau, 2011
- Leviellus Wunderlich, 2004
- Lewisepeira Levi, 1993
- Lipocrea Thorell, 1878
- Luxurionephila Wunderlich, 2004
- Macracantha Simon, 1864
- Madacantha Emerit, 1970
- Mahembea Grasshoff, 1970
- 芒果蛛 Mangora O.P.-Cambridge, 1889
- Manogea Levi, 1997
- Mastophora Holmberg, 1876
- Mecynogea Simon, 1903
- Megaraneus Lawrence, 1968
- Melychiopharis Simon, 1895
- Mesozygiella Penney & Ortuño, 2006
- Metazygia F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
- Metepeira Cambridge, 1903
- Micrathena Sundevall, 1833
- Micrepeira Schenkel, 1953
- Micropoltys Kulczynski, 1911
- 米洛蛛属 Milonia Thorell, 1890
- 双斑米洛蛛 Milonia gemella Mi & Li, 2021
- Minutunguis Wunderlich, 2011
- Miraraneus Wunderlich, 2004
- Mirometa Petrunkevitch, 1963
- Molinaranea Mello-Leitão, 1940
- Nemoscolus Simon, 1895
- Nemosinga Caporiacco, 1947
- Nemospiza Simon, 1903
- Neogea Levi, 1983
- 新园蛛属 Neoscona Simon, 1864
- Nephila Leach, 1815
- Nephilengys L.Koch, 1872
- Nephilingis Kuntner, 2013
- Nicolepeira Levi, 2001
- Novakiella Court & Forster, 1993
- Novaranea Court & Forster, 1988
- Nuctenea Simon, 1864
- Oarces Simon, 1879
- Ocrepeira Marx, 1883
- Ordgarius Keyserling, 1886
- Palaeonephila Wunderlich, 2004
- Palaeopachygnatha Petrunkevitch, 1922
- Paralarinia Grasshoff, 1970
- Paraplectana Brito Capello, 1867
- Paraplectanoides Keyserling, 1886
- Pararaneus Caporiacco, 1940
- Paraverrucosa Mello-Leitão, 1939
- Parawixia F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
- Parmatergus Emerit, 1994
- Pasilobus Simon, 1895
- Perilla Thorell, 1895
- Pherenice Thorell, 1899
- Phonognatha Simon, 1894
- Pitharatus Simon, 1895
- 普园蛛属 Plebs Joseph & Framenau, 2012
- Poecilarcys Simon, 1895
- Poecilopachys Simon, 1895
- Poltys C.L.Koch, 1843
- Popperaneus Cabra-García & Hormiga, 2020
- 脊园蛛属 Porcataraneus Mi & Peng, 2011
- Pozonia Schenkel, 1953
- Prasonica Simon, 1895
- Prasonicella Grasshoff, 1971
- Pronoides Schenkel, 1936
- Pronous Keyserling, 1881
- Pseudartonis Simon, 1903
- Pseudopsyllo Strand, 1916
- Psyllo Thorell, 1899
- Pulchellaranea Poinar, 2015
- Pycnacantha Blackwall, 1865
- Pycnosinga Wunderlich, 1988
- Rubrepeira Levi, 1992
- Scoloderus Simon, 1887
- Sedasta Simon, 1894
- Singa C.L.Koch, 1836
- Singafrotypa Benoit, 1962
- Siwa Grasshoff, 1970
- Spilasma Simon, 1897
- Spinepeira Levi, 1995
- Spintharidius Simon, 1893
- Taczanowskia Keyserling, 1879
- Taczanowskia gustavoi Ibarra-Núñez, 2013
- Taczanowskia mirabilis Simon, 1897
- Taczanowskia onowoka Jordán, Domínguez-Trujillo & Cisneros-Heredia, 2021[8]
- Taczanowskia sextuberculata Keyserling, 1892
- Taczanowskia striata Keyserling, 1879
- Taczanowskia trilobata Simon, 1897
- Taczanowskia yasuni Díaz-Guevara, Macías-Tulcán & Galvis, 2024[9]
- Talthybia Thorell, 1898
- Tatepeira Levi, 1995
- Telaprocera Harmer & Framenau, 2008
- Testudinaria Taczanowski, 1879
- Testudinaria Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
- Testudinaroides Dunlop & Jekel, 2008
- Tethneus Scudder, 1890
- Thelacantha Hasselt, 1882
- Thorellina Berg, 1899
- Togacantha Dahl, 1914
- Trichonephila Dahl, 1911
- Umbonata Grasshoff, 1971
- Ursa Simon, 1895
- Verrucosa McCook, 1888
- Wagneriana F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
- Witica O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1895
- Wixia O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1882
- Xylethrus Simon, 1895
- Yaginumia Archer, 1960
- Zealaranea Court & Forster, 1988
- Zilla C.L.Koch, 1836
- 楚蛛属 Zygiella F.O.P.-Cambridge
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十字园蛛
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这科的蜘蛛种类非常多,大小不一,但都有八简单眼
参考文献
编辑- ^ Penney, D.; Ortuño, V. M. Oldest true orb-weaving spider (Araneae: Araneidae). Biology letters. 2006, 2 (3): 447–450. ISSN 1744-9561. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0506.
- ^ Magalhaes, I. L. F.; Azevedo, G. H. F.; Michalik, P.; Ramírez, M. J. The fossil record of spiders revisited: implications for calibrating trees and evidence for a major faunal turnover since the Mesozoic. Biological Reviews. 2020, 95: 184–217 [2020-11-09]. ISSN 1464-7931. doi:10.1111/brv.12559. (原始内容存档于2020-11-09).
- ^ Araneidae 园蛛科 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),台湾生物多样性信息入口网Taibi,中央研究院生物多样性研究中心,2016-03-16
- ^ Araneidae园蛛科 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),TaiBNET,中央研究院生物多样性研究中心,2016-03-16
- ^ R.C. Cheng & I.M. Tso. Signaling by decorating webs: luring prey or deterring predators?. Behavioral Ecology. 2007-09, 18: 1085–1091. (原始内容存档于2012-07-11).
- ^ Araneidae. GBIF. [2022-08-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-13).
- ^ George Poinar Jr. & Ron Buckley. 2012. Predatory behaviour of the social orb-weaver spider, Geratonephila burmanica n. gen., n. sp. (Araneae: Nephilidae) with its wasp prey, Cascoscelio incassus n. gen., n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in Early Cretaceous Burmese amber. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, vol. 24, issue 5; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2011.640399
- ^ Juan Pablo Jordán, Mariela Domínguez-Trujillo and Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia. 2021. Phylogenetic Placement of the Spider Genus Taczanowskia (Araneae: Araneidae) and Description of A New Species from Ecuador. Invertebrate Systematics. 35(7); 742-753. DOI: 10.1071/IS20084
- ^ David R. Díaz-Guevara, Mauricio Macías-Tulcán, William Galvis. 2024. Taczanowskia yasuni new species: A New enigmatic Species of Spider (Araneidae) from the Ecuadorian Amazon canopy. Zootaxa. 5397(2); 295-300. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5397.2.11