维基百科

用户:AINH/ADX佛罗伦斯监狱

< User:AINH
United States Penitentiary, Administrative Maximum Facility
AINH/ADX佛罗伦斯监狱在科罗拉多的位置
AINH/ADX佛罗伦斯监狱
Location in Colorado
AINH/ADX佛罗伦斯监狱在美国的位置
AINH/ADX佛罗伦斯监狱
AINH/ADX佛罗伦斯监狱 (美国)
地址Fremont County, near Florence, Colorado
坐标坐标：38°21′23″N 105°05′41″W / 38.35630°N 105.09482°W / 38.35630; -105.09482
状态Operational
安全级别Administrative Maximum Security
囚犯数量351 (May 2021)[1]
启用时间November 1994
管理机关Federal Bureau of Prisons
Andre Matevousian[2]
网站www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/flm/

The United States Penitentiary, Administrative Maximum Facility (USP Florence ADMAX) is an American federal prison in Fremont County near Florence, Colorado. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. USP ADX Florence, which opened in 1994, is classed as a supermax（英语：supermax prison） or "control unit" prison, thus providing a higher, more controlled level of custody than a maximum security prison（英语：maximum security prison）. USP ADX Florence forms part of the Federal Correctional Complex, Florence（英语：Federal Correctional Complex, Florence） (FCC Florence), which is situated on 49英亩（20公顷） of land and houses different facilities with varying degrees of security, including the United States Penitentiary, Florence High（英语：United States Penitentiary, Florence High）.

USP ADX Florence was commissioned as the Federal Bureau of Prisons needed a unit designed specifically for the secure housing of those prisoners most capable of extreme, sustained violence toward staff or other inmates. 截至2020年12月 (2020-12) there are 359 prisoners. They are confined 23 hours per day in single cells with facilities made of poured, reinforced concrete to deter self-harm, and are under 24-hour supervision, carried out intensively with high staff–inmate ratios. Phones are generally[需要解释] banned, and only limited-broadcast entertainmentTemplate:Examples is permitted. After three years in maximum confinement, some prisoners may be transferred to a less restrictive prison. The aim is to encourage "reasonably peaceful behavior" from the most violent "career" prisoners.

Function 编辑

The institution is unofficially known as ADX Florence or the Alcatraz of the Rockies.[3] It is part of the Federal Correctional Complex, Florence（英语：Federal Correctional Complex, Florence）, is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), a division of the United States Department of Justice. The complex also includes an adjacent minimum-security camp that, 截至2019年2月 (2019-02) houses more prisoners than the supermax unit. The number of inmates at the facility has significantly declined, with a Prison Rape Elimination Act audit in early 2021 reporting that two housing units were no longer operating due to a low population.[4] According to this document, the facility has a maximum capacity of 551 inmates, with a current population as of May 17 2021 of 351 inmates.

USP ADX Florence houses male inmates in the federal prison system deemed the most dangerous and in need of the tightest control, including prisoners whose escape would pose a serious threat to national security. The BOP does not have a designated supermax facility for women. Women in the BOP system classified as "special management concerns" due to violence or escape attempts are confined in the administrative unit of Federal Medical Center, Carswell（英语：Federal Medical Center, Carswell） in Fort Worth, Texas.[5]

History 编辑

In 1983, Thomas Silverstein（英语：Thomas Silverstein） and Clayton Fountain（英语：Clayton Fountain）, members of the Aryan Brotherhood（英语：Aryan Brotherhood）, fatally stabbed correctional officers Merle Clutts and Robert Hoffman at the United States Penitentiary, Marion（英语：United States Penitentiary, Marion）. The stabbings took place only a few hours apart and were blamed on inadequate prison design.[6]

Federal Bureau of Prisons director Norman Carlson（英语：Norman Carlson） argued for the creation of a new type of facility where the most dangerous, uncontrollable inmates could be isolated from correction officers and other prisoners for security and safety. Under his guidance, the United States Penitentiary, Marion was operated in "permanent lockdown" for the next two decades. It became a model for the design of ADX as a control unit prison.[7][8] Carlson said that such a prison would hold criminals desperate enough to murder corrections officers or other inmates in the hopes of being sentenced to death. He argued that as draconian as these measures were, they were the only way to deal with inmates who have "absolutely no concern for human life."[6]

USP ADX Florence opened in November 30, 1994.[9] Some residents of rural Fremont County, Colorado[10] had welcomed it as a source of employment. The county already had nine prisons, but the lure of 750 to 900 permanent jobs (plus temporary jobs during the prison's construction) led residents to raise $160,000 to purchase 600英亩（240公顷） for the new prison. Hundreds of people attended the groundbreaking for the facility, which was designed by two leading architecture firms in Colorado Springs and cost $60 million to build.[11]

During the 2020 COVID-19 virus outbreak, USP ADX Florence was considered safe due in part to the extreme social distancing already practiced.[12][13] By January 11, 2021, BOP data shows no active cases among prisoners, but three recovered inmates and 28 active staff infections.[14]

Inmate population 编辑

The supermax unit at USP ADX Florence houses 359 male inmates, each assigned to one of six security levels.[15] It is designed for 490 inmates but has never been at full capacity.[16]

The facility is best known for housing inmates who have been deemed too dangerous, too high-profile, or too great a security risk for a maximum-security prison. For example, Joseph Romano was sentenced to life in federal prison for plotting to murder the judge and federal prosecutor who helped sentence him to 15 years in prison for masterminding a coin fraud operation. While in prison, he plotted to murder an undercover officer who had taken part in the investigation. When this came to light, Romano was transferred to USP ADX Florence.[17]

The majority of current inmates, however, have been placed there because each has an extensive history in other prisons of committing violent crimes, including murder, against corrections officers and fellow inmates. These inmates are kept in administrative segregation. They are confined in a single-person cell for 23 hours a day and are removed under restraint (handcuffed, shackled, or both); their one hour out of their cell may occur at any time of the day or night. The hour outside of the cell is for exercise and a phone call if they have earned the privilege. Their diet is restricted to ensure that the food cannot be used to harm themselves or to create unhygienic conditions in their cell. Some cells have showers which further reduces the amount of handling of inmates that correctional officers have to perform.[16]

After at least one year, depending on their conduct, inmates are gradually allowed out for longer periods. The long-term goal is to keep them at USP ADX Florence for no more than three years and then to transfer them to a less restrictive prison to serve the remainder of their sentences. According to a 1998 report in the San Francisco Chronicle, USP ADX Florence's main purpose is to "try and extract reasonably peaceful behavior from extremely violent career prisoners".[18]

One cell block at Florence is known as "Bombers Row" because four notable terrorists—three of whom are domestic terrorists—reside there: Terry Nichols（英语：Terry Nichols）, Ramzi Yousef（英语：Ramzi Yousef）, Eric Rudolph（英语：Eric Rudolph）, and Ted Kaczynski.[19]

Despite the extreme security measures to deter disruptive, violent, and dangerous behavior among inmates, there has been one murder at ADX. Silvestre Rivera and Richard Santiago were both charged with the first degree murder of Manuel Torrez, a high level member of the Mexican Mafia（英语：Mexican Mafia）. Left alone with no guard supervision in the prison yard on the morning of April 21, 2005, Rivera and Santiago were videotaped brutally beating and stomping Torrez to death. Rivera pled not guilty due to self-defense. Prosecutors intended to seek the death penalty against Rivera and Santiago, but they were both given life sentences for the murders. Today, Santiago remains incarcerated at ADX, while Rivera is currently serving his life sentence in USP Hazleton（英语：United States Penitentiary, Hazelton）.[20]

In January 2021 a British magistrate ruled that Julian Assange could not be extradited to the US on the grounds that Assange would likely be housed at ADX where there was a high risk he would commit suicide due to the conditions there.[21]

Prison facility 编辑

 
Design of a cell at USP ADX Florence
 
Artist's view of the cell

USP ADX Florence is a 37-英亩（15-公顷） complex located at 5880 Highway 67, with a Florence, Colorado postal address, about 100英里（160千米） south of Denver and 40英里（64千米） south of Colorado Springs.[22] It is part of the Federal Correctional Complex, Florence (FCC Florence) which consists of three correctional facilities, each with a different security rating.[23]

The majority of the facility is above ground, with the exception of a subterranean corridor which links cellblocks to the lobby. Each cell has a desk, stool, and bed, which are almost entirely made out of poured concrete, as well as a toilet that shuts off if blocked, a shower that runs on a timer to prevent flooding, and a sink lacking a potentially dangerous tap. Rooms may also be fitted with polished steel mirrors bolted to the wall, an electric light that can be shut off only remotely, a radio, and a television that shows recreational, educational, and religious programming.[24]

The 4英寸（100毫米） by 4英尺（1.2米） windows are designed to prevent inmates from knowing their specific location within the complex. They can see only the sky and roof through them, so it is virtually impossible to plan an escape. Inmates exercise in a concrete pit resembling an empty swimming pool, also designed to prevent them from knowing their location in the facility.[25] The pit is large enough only for a prisoner to walk 10 steps in a straight line or 31 steps in a circle. Correctional officers generally deliver food to the cells. Inmates transferred to USP ADX Florence from other prisons can potentially be allowed to eat in a shared dining room.[18]

The prison as a whole contains multitude of motion detectors and cameras and 1,400 remote-controlled steel doors. Officers in the prison's control center monitor inmates 24 hours a day and can activate a "panic button", which closes every door in the facility, should an escape attempt be suspected. Pressure pads and 12-英尺 tall（3.7-米） razor wire fences surround the perimeter, which is patrolled by heavily armed officers.

The Bureau of Prisons allowed the media to take a guided tour of USP ADX Florence on September 14, 2007. Attending reporters remarked on "an astonishing and eerie quiet" within the prison, as well as a sense of safety due to the rigorous security measures.[26] The 60 Minutes producer Henry Schuster said, "A few minutes inside that cell and two hours inside Supermax were enough to remind me why I left high school a year early. The walls close in very fast."[27]

Controversies 编辑

The prison has received far less criticism than comparable facilities at the state level, which tend to suffer from over-population, low staff-to-inmate ratios, and security issues. Jamie Fellner（英语：Jamie Fellner） of Human Rights Watch said after a tour of the facility, "The Bureau of Prisons has taken a harsh punitive model and implemented it as well as anybody I know."[18]

In 2012, eleven inmates filed a federal class-action suit against the Bureau of Prisons in Cunningham v. Federal Bureau of Prisons（英语：Cunningham v. Federal Bureau of Prisons）.[28][29] The suit alleged chronic abuse and failure to properly diagnose prisoners who are seriously mentally ill. At the time of the lawsuit, at least six inmates had allegedly died by suicide (a seventh did after the original lawsuit was filed, and an amended filing added him to the case.) That number may be underestimated because suicide attempts are common, and many succeed.[30]

Critics claim the use of extended confinement in solitary cells adversely affects prisoners' mental health; numerous studies support this conclusion. 截至2015年3月 (2015-03) settlement negotiations were underway with the help of a federal magistrate. Some changes have already been made by the Bureau of Prisons (BOP).[31][32]

Suicides at the prison 编辑

At least eight inmates have died or are suspected of dying by suicide at the facility.

Inmate Register number Date of death Age Ref
Kevin Lee Wilson 57468-097 June 17, 1999 37
Gregory Britt 12546-083 December 9, 1999 43
Lawrence Klaker N/A November 18, 2002 45
Lance Vanderstappen（英语：Lance Vanderstappen） 11099-081 April 17, 2006 26
John Frierson 99917-555 May 27, 2008 35
Jose Martin Vega 45189-053 May 1, 2010 35 [33]
Robert Gerald Knott 17508-086 September 7, 2013 48 [34]
Jamie Jarold McMahan 05327-030 November 13, 2017 42 [35]

Notable current inmates 编辑

   此章节介绍的是notable inmates who are currently held at USP ADX Florence。关于a list of notable former inmates，请见“List of former inmates at USP Florence ADMAX”。

Foreign terrorists 编辑

This list contains foreign citizens who committed or attempted to commit terrorist attacks against United States citizens and interests. All sentences are without parole.

Inmate name Register number Photo Status Details
Moussaoui, ZacariasZacarias·Moussaoui 51427-054   Serving 6 life sentences. French citizen and Al-Qaeda operative, pleaded guilty to terrorism conspiracy charges in 2005 for playing a key role in planning the September 11 attacks by helping the hijackers（英语：Hijackers in the September 11 attacks） obtain flight lessons, money and material used in the attacks.[36]
Ramzi Yousef（英语：Ramzi Yousef） 03911-000   Serving life plus 240 years. Convicted in 1994 of terrorism conspiracy and other charges in connection with the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, which killed 6 people and injured more than 1,000. Yousef was also convicted in 1996 of planning Project Bojinka, a foiled plot conceived by senior Al-Qaeda member Khalid Sheikh Mohammed to bomb twelve planes in a 48-hour period.[37]
Wadih el-Hage（英语：Wadih el-Hage）
Khalfan Mohamed（英语：Khalfan Khamis Mohamed）
Khalid al-Fawwaz（英语：Khalid al-Fawwaz） 		42393-054
44623-054
67497-054 		Serving life sentences. Al-Qaeda operatives from Lebanon, Tanzania, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia; convicted in connection with the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, Africa, which were conceived by Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden; the bombings killed 224 people and injured more than 4,000.[38][39][40][41]
Abu Hamza al-Masri（英语：Abu Hamza al-Masri） 67495-054   Serving a life sentence under the name Kamel Mostafa Mostafa. Egyptian cleric and former associate of the late Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden; extradited from the UK in 2012; convicted in 2014 of masterminding the 1998 kidnapping of Westerners in Yemen and conspiring to establish a terrorist training camp（英语：terrorist training camp） in Oregon in 1999.[42]
Reid, RichardRichard·Reid 24079-038 Serving 3 life sentences plus 110 years. British national who became an Al-Qaeda operative; pleaded guilty in 2002 to attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction in connection with his 2001 attempt to detonate explosive devices hidden in his shoes on a plane traveling from Paris to Miami; known as the "Shoe Bomber."[43]
Abdulmutallab, UmarUmar·Abdulmutallab 44107-039   Serving 4 life sentences plus 50 years. A Nigerian national and Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula operative, follower of the late militant cleric Anwar al-Awlaki; pleaded guilty in 2011 to attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction for trying to blow up Northwest Airlines Flight 253 from Amsterdam to Detroit on Christmas Day 2009. He was nicknamed the "Underwear Bomber" as the bomb was sewn into his underwear.[44]
Ressam, AhmedAhmed·Ressam 29638-086 Serving a 37-year sentence; scheduled for release on July 1, 2032.[45] Algerian national convicted in 2001 of terrorism conspiracy for planning to bomb Los Angeles International Airport on December 31, 1999, in what is known as one of the 2000 millennium attack plots（英语：2000 millennium attack plots）.[46][47]
Trinidad, SimónSimón·Trinidad 27896-016 Serving a 60-year sentence under the name Juvenal Ovidio Palmera Pineda; scheduled for release on February 17, 2055. Member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), a guerrilla group on the U.S. State Department list of Terrorist Organizations（英语：U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations）; convicted in 2007 of terrorism conspiracy for his involvement in the 2003 kidnapping of three American military contractors.[48][49][50]
Sulaiman Abu Ghaith（英语：Sulaiman Abu Ghaith） 91969-054 Serving a life sentence. Al-Qaeda spokesman and son-in-law to Osama Bin Laden. Convicted in March 2014 for conspiring to kill Americans and providing material support to terrorists.[51]
Mamdouh Mahmud Salim（英语：Mamdouh Mahmud Salim） 42426-054   Serving a life sentence. Al-Qaeda co-founder and advisor to Osama Bin Laden. Extradited in 1998 for participating in the U.S. Embassy bombings and sentenced to life in prison for attempted murder during an escape attempt in 2000.[52]
Shain Duka 61284-066 Serving life plus 30 years. Convicted in 2008 for conspiring to kill members of the Army at the Fort Dix, New Jersey, army base. His two brothers were also convicted: Eljvir Duka（英语：Eljvir Duka）, who is being held at USP Hazelton（英语：USP Hazelton） and Dritan Duka, who is being held at FCI Terre Haute（英语：Federal Correctional Institution, Terre Haute）.
Mahmud Abouhalima（英语：Mahmud Abouhalima） 28064-054   Serving a 240-year sentence (shortened to 1300 months); scheduled for release in 2060. Egyptian terrorist who was one of the men convicted in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. In 1988 he traveled to Afghanistan to receive combat training. He also assisted El Sayyid Nosair（英语：El Sayyid Nosair） in the assassination of far-right rabbi Meir Kahane（英语：Meir Kahane）, acting as the getaway driver.
Mohammed Jabarah（英语：Mohammed Jabarah） 06909-091 Serving a life sentence. Canadian citizen convicted of plotting to bomb U.S. embassies in Singapore and the Philippines, he was turned over to U.S. authorities after agreeing to assist them with terror investigations. He was sentenced to life in federal prison in 2008 as a result of violating the terms of his release.[53]
Amor Ftouhi（英语：Amor Ftouhi） 55707-039 Serving a life sentence Perpetrator of the Bishop International Airport attack in Flint, Michigan in 2017, during which he stabbed an Airport Police Lieutenant in the neck; convicted in 2018 of committing an act of terrorism transcending national boundaries.[54]
Abdulrahman El Bahnasawy（英语：Abdulrahman El Bahnasawy） 75868-054 Serving a 40-year sentence; scheduled for release in March 18, 2051. Plotted to carry out bombing attacks at Times Square and New York City subway. Convicted of material support and conspiracy to commit terror acts transcending national boundaries in 2016 and sentenced to 40 years in federal prison in 2018.[55] El Bahnasawy was sent to ADX after he committed the stabbing of corrections officer Dale Franquet Jr at United States Penitentiary, Allenwood（英语：United States Penitentiary, Allenwood） on December 7, 2020. Franquet lost an eye in the attack.[56]

Domestic terrorists 编辑

This list contains U.S. citizens, regardless of origin, who committed or attempted to commit terrorist attacks against United States citizens and interests.

Inmate name Register number Photo Status Details
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev（英语：Dzhokhar Tsarnaev） 95079-038   Originally sentenced to death on June 24, 2015; sentence overturned by a federal appeals court on July 31, 2020. New penalty-phase trial planned.[57] Dzhokhar planted a pressure cooker bomb（英语：pressure cooker bomb） at the finish line of the 2013 Boston Marathon, killing 3 people and injuring over 250. He was sentenced to death. He was to be transferred to USP Terre Haute（英语：United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute） in Indiana when his execution date was set, but the death sentence was vacated in July 2020 due to inadequate screening for potential biases among jury pool.
Kaczynski, TheodoreTheodore·Kaczynski 04475-046   Serving 8 life sentences. Known as the Unabomber; pleaded guilty in 1998 to building, transporting, and mailing explosives to carry out 16 bombings from 1978 to 1995 in a mail bombing campaign targeting those involved with modern technology, which killed 3 people and injured 23 others.[58][59]
Nichols, TerryTerry·Nichols 08157-031 Serving 161 consecutive life sentences. Co-conspirator in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, which killed 168 people. Timothy McVeigh, who planned and carried out the bombing, was executed in 2001.[60]
Padilla, JoséJosé·Padilla 20796-424   Serving a 21-year sentence; scheduled for release on February 15, 2026.[61][62] Al-Qaeda operative and one of the first U.S. citizens to be designated as an enemy combatant（英语：enemy combatant） after the September 11th attacks; convicted in 2007 of terrorism conspiracy for traveling overseas to attend an Al-Qaeda training camp and providing material support to terrorists.[63][64]
Rudolph, EricEric·Rudolph 18282-058   Serving 4 consecutive life sentences. Member of the Christian extremist group Army of God（英语：Army of God (United States)）; pleaded guilty in 2005 to carrying out four bombings between 1996 and 1998, including the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in Atlanta; he killed 3 people during the bombing spree.[65][66]
Shahzad, FaisalFaisal·Shahzad 63510-054   Serving a life sentence. Tehrik-i-Taliban operative; pleaded guilty to attempting to use a weapon of mass destruction and other charges in connection with the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt（英语：2010 Times Square car bombing attempt）; received explosives training in 2009 from the terrorist organization Tehrik-i-Taliban in Pakistan.[67][68]
Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh（英语：Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh） 85795-053   Serving a 45-year sentence; scheduled for release on August 5, 2053. Houston man who was convicted of terrorism-related charges in 2017 after he attended an Al-Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan. He was charged with material support of terrorism for a planning role in a 2009 attack on Forward Operating Base Chapman in Khost. He had reportedly been radicalized by Zarein Ahmedzay（英语：Zarein Ahmedzay）, one of the men charged with the 2009 New York City subway bombing plot.

Espionage 编辑

Inmate name Register number Photo Status Details
Gowadia, NoshirNoshir·Gowadia 95518-022   Serving a 32-year sentence; scheduled for release on January 31, 2033. Former engineer for the U.S. Department of Defense and one of the principal designers of the B-2 stealth bomber; convicted in 2011 of using classified information to assist the People's Republic of China in producing cruise missiles with stealth technology.[69]
Hanssen, RobertRobert·Hanssen 48551-083   Serving 15 consecutive life sentences. Former senior FBI agent assigned to counterintelligence; pleaded guilty in 2002 to espionage for passing classified information to the Soviet Union and later to Russia over a 20-year period. This was regarded at the time as the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history. He betrayed dozens of undercover U.S. intelligence agents, several of whom were executed as a direct result of his actions.[70][71]
Myers, WalterWalter·Myers 29796-016   Serving a life sentence. Former intelligence analyst for the U.S. State Department; pleaded guilty in 2009 to conspiracy（英语：conspiracy (crime)） to commit espionage for providing classified U.S. national defense information to Cuba over a period of 30 years. His wife, Gwendolyn Myers, was sentenced to 6 years.[72][73]
Nicholson, HaroldHarold·Nicholson 49535-083   Serving a 23-year sentence; scheduled for release on November 26, 2023. Highest-ranking CIA officer to be convicted of espionage; pleaded guilty in 1997 to passing classified information to Russia from 1994 to 1996; pleaded guilty in 2010 to attempting to collect payments from Russian agents for his past espionage activities.[74][75][76]

Organized crime figures 编辑

Inmate name Register number Photo Status Details
James Marcello（英语：James Marcello） 99076-012 File:James Marcello (surveillance photo).jpg Serving a life sentence. "Front Boss" of the Chicago Outfit; convicted of racketeering, conspiracy for participating in 18 murders, and directing criminal activities including extortion, illegal gambling, loan sharking, and bribery.[77][78]
Luis Felipe（英语：Luis Felipe (murderer)） 14067-074 Serving life plus 45 years. Leader of the New York chapter of the Latin Kings（英语：Latin Kings (gang)） gang; convicted in 1996 of murder conspiracy and racketeering for running a criminal enterprise whose members engage in murder, assault, armed robbery, and drug trafficking; Felipe is known as "King Blood."[79][80]
Tyler Bingham（英语：Tyler Bingham） 03325-091 Serving a life sentence. Aryan Brotherhood（英语：Aryan Brotherhood） prison gang founder; was transferred to ADX in 2006 after being connected to violent gang activities in prison; convicted of murder, murder conspiracy, and racketeering for ordering the killing of two inmates at USP Lewisburg（英语：USP Lewisburg）, Pennsylvania.[81][82]
Hoover, LarryLarry·Hoover 86063-024 Serving 6 life sentences. Leader of the Gangster Disciples（英语：Gangster Disciples） in Chicago; sentenced to life in state prison in 1973 for murder; convicted in 1997 of drug conspiracy, extortion, money laundering, and running a continuing criminal enterprise for leading the gang from state prison.[83][84]
Fort, JeffJeff·Fort 92298-024 Serving a 68-year sentence; scheduled for release on October 14, 2044. Founder of the El-Rukn (Black P. Stones（英语：Black P. Stones）) gang in Chicago; convicted of drug trafficking in 1983; convicted of terrorism conspiracy in 1987 for plotting to commit attacks inside the U.S. in exchange for weapons and $2.5 million from Libya.[85][86]
Kaboni Savage（英语：Kaboni Savage） 58232-066 Sentenced to death on June 3, 2013; awaiting execution.[87] Philadelphia drug kingpin; convicted in 2013 of 12 counts of murder in aid of racketeering for ordering six drug-related homicides, as well as fire bombing the home of a federal witness, which killed two adults and four children.[88][89] He will be transferred to United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute（英语：United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute） in Indiana when an execution date is set.
Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán 89914-053   Serving life plus 30 years. Former leader of the Sinaloa Cartel. Guzmán was extradited from Mexico to the United States in January 2017, where he pleaded not guilty to all counts in Brooklyn, New York.[90] His charges included drug trafficking, money laundering, and murder. His defense asserted that he was not the organized crime leader that the prosecution claimed. The trial, often characterized as a trial of the century（英语：trial of the century）, began on November 5, 2018, and lasted until February 12, 2019, when the jury found him guilty of all counts. He was sentenced on July 17, 2019 to life imprisonment（英语：Life imprisonment in the United States） without parole.
Ronald Herron "Ra Diggs"（英语：Ra Diggs） 78527-053   Sentenced to 12 life sentences + 105 years.[91] One-time Brooklyn rapper, Ronald Herron AKA Ra Diggs was tried and convicted in 2014 for 21 counts, including three murders, racketeering（英语：racketeering） and drug trafficking in connection to running a violent drug gang in New York.
Perry Roark（英语：Dead Man Incorporated） 53975-037 Serving a life sentence. One of the founders of the Dead Man Incorporated（英语：Dead Man Incorporated） prison gang. In 2013, Roark pleaded guilty to a racketeering（英语：racketeering） conspiracy, murder and trafficking charges related to running the gang alongside members Bryan Jordan and James Sweeney.[92] Roark and Sweeney were subsequently sentenced to life in prison. Both Sweeney and Roark were serving their life terms at ADX Florence until Roark was transferred to Florence High（英语：United States Penitentiary, Florence High） in 2019. 截至2020年11月 (2020-11) Roark is back at ADX.

Other crimes 编辑

Inmate name Register number Photo Status Details
McNair, RichardRichard·McNair 13829-045   Serving 2 life sentences on a state murder charge from North Dakota in 1987. Held at ADX due to multiple prison escapes; escaped from the Ward County Jail in Minot, North Dakota in 1987, from the North Dakota State Penitentiary（英语：North Dakota State Penitentiary） in Bismarck in 1992, and from USP Pollock（英语：USP Pollock） in Louisiana in 2006.[93][94]
York, DwightDwight·York 17911-054 Serving a 135-year sentence; scheduled for release on July 12, 2120. Founder and leader of the Nuwaubian Nation（英语：Nuwaubian Nation）, a black supremacist cult. Convicted in 2004 of child molestation, racketeering and conspiracy, and fraud.[95][96]
Jessie Con-ui（英语：Jessie Con-ui） 04287-748   Serving a life sentence. Already jailed for life for slaying a gang rival in Arizona, Con-ui was identified as the suspect in the murder of corrections officer Eric Williams at United States Penitentiary, Canaan（英语：United States Penitentiary, Canaan）.
Swango, MichaelMichael·Swango 08352-424 Serving 3 consecutive life sentences. Physician and serial killer; pleaded guilty in 2000 to fatally poisoning four patients; has been linked to scores of other deaths.[97][98] Sent to ADX at his own request due to safety concerns.[99]
Bergrin, PaulPaul·Bergrin 16235-050 Serving a life sentence. Attorney convicted of conspiracy to murder a witness and racketeering, cocaine, and prostitution offenses.[100]
Dominick Maldonado（英语：Dominick Maldonado） 02071-122 Serving a 163-year state sentence. Perpetrator of the 2005 Tacoma Mall shooting. Injured six in the mall before committing four armed kidnappings. Transferred to ADX by the state of Washington due to safety and security concerns.

See also 编辑

References 编辑

  1. ^ BOP: Inmate Population Reports. [2020-02-18]. 
  2. ^ What Happens to Inmates When They Leave the Most Intense Prison in America. Vice.com. 
  3. ^ Fernandes, Edna. Supermax prison, the Alcatraz of the Rockies. The Times (London). 2006-05-04 [2008-05-31]. 
  4. ^ Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) Audit Report (PDF), 2021-04-29 [2021-05-16] 
  5. ^ Bosworth, Mary（英语：Mary Francesca Bosworth）. The U.S. Federal Prison System. SAGE, 2002. 108. Retrieved from Google Books on October 14, 2010. ISBN 0-7619-2304-7, ISBN 978-0-7619-2304-6.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Taylor, Michael. The Last Worst Place / The isolation at Colorado's ADX prison is brutal beyond compare. So are the inmates. SF Gate. 1998-12-28 [2017-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-24）. 
  7. ^ Perkinson, Robert. Shackled justice: Florence federal penitentiary and the new politics of punishment.. Social Justice (Crime and Social Justice Associates). September 22, 1994 [2010-05-25]. 
  8. ^ Richards, Stephen C. USP Marion: The First Federal Supermax. The Prison Journal (Ncjrs.gov). March 2008, 8 (1): 6 to 22 [2014-03-15]. S2CID 145402046. doi:10.1177/0032885507310529. 
  9. ^ Pilkington, Ed. ADX Florence supermax prison: the Alcatraz of the Rockies. The Guardian. [17 December 2013]. 
  10. ^ "Zoning Map." (互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2012-03-29.) City of Florence, Colorado. Retrieved on December 30, 2009.
  11. ^ Fast Facts: Supermax Prison. Fox News Channel. May 4, 2006 [2010-05-25]. （原始内容存档于June 1, 2010）. 
  12. ^ Colorado Supermax Prison has Zero COVID-19 Cases, Extreme Social Distancing. TMZ. 
  13. ^ Matthews, David. No coronavirus cases reported at Colorado supermax housing El Chapo, Unabomber. nydailynews.com. April 12, 2020 [2021-05-11]. 
  14. ^ BOP: COVID-19 Update. Federal Bureau of Prisons. 2011-01-11 [2011-01-11]. 
  15. ^ DLR Group. [20 January 2017]. （原始内容存档于5 December 2006）. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Hogan, Stephanie. This is where the U.S. could try to keep 2-time jailbreaker El Chapo locked up for life. CBC. February 14, 2019 [2021-05-11]. 
  17. ^ Aly Vander Hayden. Inmate Plots To Mutilate, Behead Judge And Prosecutor Who Put Him Behind Bars. Oxygen（英语：Oxygen (TV channel)）. June 9, 2019. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Taylor, Michael. The Last Worst Place. The San Francisco Chronicle. 28 December 1998 [8 January 2016]. 
  19. ^ Terror on Trial: Life in Supermax's 'Bombers Row' - CNN.com. www.cnn.com. [2021-05-11]. 
  20. ^ Mexican Mafia Murder Trial Rolling In Rocky Mountains. The Gangster Report. 2015-04-09 [2021-01-23] （美国英语）. 
  21. ^ DIAZ, JACLYN. British Court Rejects U.S. Request To Extradite WikiLeaks Founder Julian Assange. NPR. 4 January 2021 [4 January 2021]. 
  22. ^ Shane, Scott. "Beyond Guantánamo, a Web of Prisons for Terrorism Inmates". The New York Times. December 10, 2011. Retrieved on December 12, 2011.
  23. ^ USP ADX Florence – Bureau of Prisons
  24. ^ "Fast Facts: Supermax Prison" – Fox News – May 04, 2006
  25. ^ How to Survive a Supermax Prison. ABC News. August 2, 2007 [2008-05-31]. 
  26. ^ Frieden, Terry. " Reporters get first look inside mysterious Supermax prison" – CNN – September 14, 2009
  27. ^ My Trip to SuperMax. CBS News. October 14, 2007 [2009-05-31]. 
  28. ^ Case 1:12-cv-01570 Complaints and Exhibits 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2012-07-04. The United States District Court for the District of Colorado, retrieved 20 June 2012
  29. ^ Richard P. Matsch. Harold Cunningham, John v. Federal Bureau of Prisons. Find a Case. November 26, 2012 [March 29, 2015]. 
  30. ^ Cohen, Andrew. An American Gulag: Descending into Madness at Supermax. The Atlantic. 18 June 2012 [20 June 2012]. 
  31. ^ Binelli, Mark. Inside America's Toughest Federal Prison. The New York Times Magazine. March 26, 2015 [March 29, 2015]. 
  32. ^ "USP ADX Florence Contact Information." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on December 30, 2009.
  33. ^ Cohen, Andrew. Death, Yes, but Torture at Supermax?. The Atlantic. June 4, 2012. 
  34. ^ Greene, Susan. Suicide at ADX: The quietest death. September 18, 2013. 
  35. ^ Inmate Dies 20 Years After Rampage | The News-Review. Keotaeagle.com. 
  36. ^ Indictment of ZACARIAS MOUSSAOUI. Justice.gov. [2012-08-13]. 
  37. ^ Bernstein, Richard. EXPLOSION AT THE TWIN TOWERS; 4 ARE CONVICTED IN BOMBING AT THE WORLD TRADE CENTER THAT KILLED 6, STUNNED U.S.. The New York Times. 1994-03-05. 
  38. ^ Warren Richey. Ahmed Ghailani gets life sentence for Al Qaeda bombing of US embassies. CSMonitor.com. [2012-08-13]. 
  39. ^ Weiser, Benjamin. Acquittal on All but One Charge for Ghailani, Ex-Detainee. The New York Times. 2010-11-17. 
  40. ^ Weiser, Benjamin. THE TERROR VERDICT: THE OVERVIEW; 4 GUILTY IN TERROR BOMBINGS OF 2 U.S. EMBASSIES IN AFRICA; JURY TO WEIGH 2 EXECUTIONS. The New York Times. 2001-05-30. 
  41. ^ Two Terrorists – A Portrait Of Wadih El Hage, Accused Terrorist | Hunting Bin Laden | FRONTLINE. PBS. [2012-08-13]. 
  42. ^ Wald, Jonathan; Andrew Carey. Radical Islamist Abu Hamza al-Masri extradited to U.S.. CNN. 5 October 2012 [21 January 2013]. 
  43. ^ Held in darkness for the rest of his natural life. The Telegraph (London). 2006-04-12 [2007-12-07]. 
  44. ^ Davey, Monica. Would-Be Detroit Plane Bomber Pleads Guilty, Ending Trial. The New York Times. 2011-10-12. 
  45. ^ Terrorist sentenced to 37 years in millennium plot. USA Today. Associated Press. October 24, 2012 [July 7, 2016] （英语）. 
  46. ^ 22 Years For Millennium Bomb Plot. CBS News. 
  47. ^ Schwartz, John. Appeals Court Throws Out Sentence in Bombing Plot, Calling It Too Light. The New York Times. 2010-02-03. 
  48. ^ #07-494: 07–11–07 Senior Member of FARC Narco-Terrorist Organization Found Guilty of Hostage-Taking Conspiracy. Justice.gov. [2012-08-13]. 
  49. ^ FARC negotiator gets Colombia's max —in US prison. World War 4 Report. [2012-08-13]. 
  50. ^ Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) – Terrorist Groups. Nctc.gov. [2012-08-13]. 
  51. ^ Abu Ghaith, a Bin Laden Adviser, Is Sentenced to Life in Prison. The New York Times. 2014-09-23. 
  52. ^ Reputed bin Laden Adviser Gets Life Term in Stabbing. The New York Times. 2010-08-31. </
  53. ^ Kearney, Christine. Canadian Qaeda bomb plotter gets life in U.S. prison. Reuters. 2008-01-18 [2021-05-11] （英语）. 
  54. ^ Snell, Robert. Flint airport stabber convicted in terrorism case. The Detroit News. November 13, 2018 [2021-05-11] （美国英语）. 
  55. ^ Canadian convicted of terrorism in U.S. gets 40 years in prison. CBC News. December 19, 2018. 
  56. ^ Hunter, Brad. Convicted Canadian terrorist behind bloody prison knife attack: Report. Toronto Sun. December 17, 2020. 
  57. ^ CNN, Sonia Moghe. Appeals court vacates Boston Marathon bomber's death sentence, orders new penalty trial. CNN. [31 July 2020]. 
  58. ^ Unabomber Guilty Plea. Undueinfluence.com. [2012-08-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-17）. 
  59. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil. ON THE UNABOMBER'S TRACK: THE VICTIMS;At the Places Where Bombs Killed, a Day for Memories and Nervous Optimism. The New York Times. 1996-04-04. 
  60. ^ Nichols and McVeigh Partners in crime. CNN Interactive. 1997-11-03. （原始内容存档于2012-02-07）. 
  61. ^ Terror suspect Padilla charged. CNN. 2005-11-22. （原始内容存档于2011-12-22）. 
  62. ^ 'Dirty bomb' plotter Jose Padilla resentenced to 21 years on terrorism charges – Chicago Tribune. [20 January 2017]. （原始内容存档于24 February 2017）. 
  63. ^ Padilla sentenced on terror charges - US news - Security - NBCNews.com. NBC News. 2008-01-22 [2012-08-13]. 
  64. ^ #07-624: 08–16–07 Jose Padilla and Co-Defendants Convicted of Conspiracy to Murder Individuals Overseas, Providing Material Support to Terrorists. Justice.gov. [2012-08-13]. 
  65. ^ Ron Blome. NBC: Victims irate over Rudolph's lack of remorse. NBC News. 2005-04-13 [2012-08-13]. 
  66. ^ Why did Rudolph do it?. CNN. 2005-04-11. （原始内容存档于2012-02-07）. 
  67. ^ USDOJ: Faisal Shahzad Pleads Guilty in Manhattan Federal Court to 10 Federal Crimes Arising from Attempted Car Bombing in Times Square. Justice.gov. 2010-06-21 [2013-04-18]. 
  68. ^ Goldman, Henry; Tannenbaum, Mark. New York Averts 'Deadly Event' as Police Disarm Car Bomb in Times Square. Bloomberg. 2010-05-02. 
  69. ^ Hawaii Man Sentenced to 32 Years in Prison for Providing Defense Information and Services to People's Republic of China. United States Department of Justice. 2011-01-25 [2012-12-21]. 
  70. ^ Accused spy Hanssen could face death penalty. CNN. 2001-05-16. （原始内容存档于2011-12-28）. 
  71. ^ Shannon, Elaine. Robert Hanssen Gets Ready for His Closeup. Time. 2002-05-04. 
  72. ^ Hsu, Spencer S. Walter Myers, State Dept. analyst who spied for Cuba, gets life; wife 6 years. The Washington Post. 2010-07-17. 
  73. ^ Former State Department Official Sentenced to Life in Prison for Nearly 30-year Espionage Conspiracy. United States Department of Justice. 2010-07-16 [2013-05-07]. 
  74. ^ TIM WEINER. C.I.A. Traitor, Saying He Wanted Cash for Family, Gets 23 Years. New York Times. 1997-06-06 [2013-04-18]. 
  75. ^ CIA turncoat sentenced to 23 years in prison. CNN. [2020-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-19）. 
  76. ^ Ex-CIA officer gets longer sentence for spying for Russia. CNN. 2011-01-18 [2020-06-15]. 
  77. ^ Associated Press. 5 Guilty in Chicago Mob Case. The New York Times. September 11, 2007 [7 March 2013]. 
  78. ^ Sweeney, Annie. Judge orders reputed onetime head of Chicago mob back to Chicago from California prison. Chicago Tribune. February 10, 2012 [7 March 2013]. 
  79. ^ Richardson, Lynda. Leader of Latin Kings Is Convicted in Slayings. The New York Times. 1996-11-20. 
  80. ^ UNITED STATES v. FELIPE, Docket Nos. 97–1155, 97–1186 and 97-1484., June 19, 1998 – US 2nd Circuit | FindLaw. Caselaw.findlaw.com. [2012-08-13]. 
  81. ^ Aryan Brotherhood Leaders Convicted of Murder. NPR. [2012-08-13]. 
  82. ^ SuperMax prison is super lax, court cases allege. CNN. 2006-11-14 [2020-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-09）. 
  83. ^ DEA Briefs & Background, Law Enforcement, Major Operations, Larry Hoover & The Gangster Disciples. Justice.gov. [2012-08-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-17）. 
  84. ^ Larry Hoover Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story. Biography.com. [2012-08-13]. 
  85. ^ Jeff Fort Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story. Biography.com. 1947-02-20 [2012-08-13]. 
  86. ^ GANG CHIEF GUILTY IN RIVAL'S SLAYING. The New York Times. 1988-10-20. 
  87. ^ Philadelphia Drug Kingpin Sentenced to Death, Co-defendant to Face Life in Prison. www.justice.gov. 2013-06-13 [2019-09-25] （英语）. 
  88. ^ Indictment in firebomb that killed 6 Overall, Kaboni Savage is accused of 12 murders linked to one of the city's most violent drug gangs.. Philly.com. 
  89. ^ Philadelphia Drug Kingpin Sentenced to Death, Co-defendant to Face Life in Prison – OPA – Department of Justice. justice.gov. 
  90. ^ Paybarah, Azi. N.Y. Today: Why El Chapo Ended Up in a Brooklyn Court. The New York Times. February 13, 2019 [July 18, 2019]. 
  91. ^ Schweber, Nate. Ronald Herron, Brooklyn Rapper Known as Ra Diggs, Gets 12 Life Prison Terms. April 2, 2015 –通过NYTimes.com. 
  92. ^ Founder Of Violent "Dead Man Incorporated" Gang Sentenced To Life On Federal Racketeering, Murder And Drug Charges. United States Department of Justice (新闻稿). Baltimore, Maryland. January 7, 2013. 
  93. ^ America's Most Wanted with John Walsh. AMW. [2013-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-25）. 
  94. ^ Escaped Murderer Patrick Allen. Crime.about.com. 2007-10-25 [2013-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2006-06-27）. 
  95. ^ Southern Poverty Law Center. Nuwaubian Nation of Moors. [2013-04-18]. 
  96. ^ United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Dwight D. York, A.k.a. Malakai Z. York, Etc., Defendant-appellant, 428 F.3d 1325 (11th Cir. 2005). Justia Law. 
  97. ^ Life In Jail For Poison Doctor. CBS News. 
  98. ^ ABC News. Swango Pleads Guilty To Ohio Slaying. ABC News. 
  99. ^ License To Kill: International Serial Killer (Television Production). United States: Oxygen（英语：Oxygen (TV channel)）. 2019. 
  100. ^ Jury Finds Attorney Paul W. Bergrin Guilty On All Counts After Racketeering Trial. 

Further reading 编辑

External links 编辑

 
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：AINH/ADX佛罗伦斯监狱
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:AINH/ADX佛羅倫斯監獄&oldid=74777113”