File:Loretta young studio portrait.jpg

Loretta_young_studio_portrait.jpg (363 × 435像素,文件大小:112 KB,MIME类型:image/jpeg


描述 Studio publicity portrait of actress Loretta Young
日期 1940年代
date QS:P,+1940-00-00T00:00:00Z/8
来源 http://www.handjiveuk.com/images/loretta%20young.jpg. Clear from the stock number in the corner that this is a studio publicity image (no copyright mark given).
作者 未知Unknown author
授权
(二次使用本文件)

This is a publicity still taken to promote a film or film actor. As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honthaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook, (Focal Press, 2001 p. 211.):

"Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."

Nancy Wolff, includes a similar explanation:

"There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them." (The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook By Nancy E. Wolff, Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.)

Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989) p. 87, writes:

"According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."

Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference with cinema scholars and editors, that they "expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements. . . [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."[1]


Public domain
本作品属于公有领域,因为其是于1929~1963年之间在美国出版,且无论其是否具有著作权声明,它并未进行著作权更新。更多信息请参考Commons:Hirtle chart/zh著作权更新日志。请注意该作品在其他对美国作品不适用较短期限法则的司法管辖区仍然受著作权保护(基于作者的逝世日期),如加拿大(作者过世后70年)、中国大陆(作者过世后50年,不包括香港和澳门)、德国(作者过世后70年)、墨西哥(作者过世后100年)、瑞士(作者过世后70年)及其他有本地条约的国家。

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当前2015年11月8日 (日) 18:052015年11月8日 (日) 18:05版本的缩略图363 × 435(112 KB)ExmakReverted to version as of 23:57, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
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2011年12月30日 (五) 23:572011年12月30日 (五) 23:57版本的缩略图363 × 435(112 KB)Loeba{{Information |Description=Studio publicity portrait of actress Loretta Young |Source=http://www.handjiveuk.com/images/loretta%20young.jpg. Clear from the stock number in the corner that this is a studio publicity image (no copyright mark given). |Date=19

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