伍德-隆达尔代谢途径

伍德－隆达尔代谢途径（Wood–Ljungdahl pathway）是一类为产醋酸盐（英语：Acetogen）细菌跟产甲烷古菌所用的生物化学反应，这代谢途径又被称为还原性乙酰辅酶A 途径。^[1]这反应使得生物体可用氢作为电子予体，以二氧化碳作为电子受体，并使得生物体能以之作为生物合成的基础。

在这代谢途径中，二氧化碳被还原成一氧化碳及甲酸，或直接被还原成醛，而这醛会再进一步地被还原成甲基并与一氧化碳和辅酶A反应生成乙酰辅酶A。

两个特定的酵素会参与一氧化碳部分的途径：一氧化碳脱氢酶和乙酰辅酶A连接酶（英语：Acetyl-CoA synthetase）。其中前者会催化二氧化碳的还原反应；而后者会将如此产生的一氧化碳与甲基连接以生成乙酰辅酶A。^[1]^[2]

一些厌氧的细菌和古菌也会使用逆向的伍德－隆达尔代谢途径来分解乙酸盐，像例如说一些产甲烷菌会将乙酸盐分解为甲基与一氧化碳，并进一步将甲基给还原成甲烷，同时将一氧化碳给氧化成二氧化碳；^[3]另一方面，硫还原细菌（英语：Sulfate-reducing microorganism）会将乙酸盐给完全氧化成氢气与二氧化碳，与此同时将硫酸盐给还原成硫化物。^[4]在逆向途径中，乙酰辅酶A连接酶有时又被称为乙酰辅酶A脱羧酶。

这途径同时出现于产醋酸（英语：Acetogen）细菌跟产甲烷古菌当中^[5]；与逆向三羧酸循环（英语：Reverse Krebs cycle）与卡尔文循环不同的是，这反应并不是循环的。近期对一系列细菌和古菌的基因研究的研究发现，所有细胞生物的最后共祖可能是在热液中使用伍德－隆达尔代谢途径的生物；^[6]而对代谢途径的系统发生重构也支持此点；^[7]然而在近期尝试重现此类还原二氧化碳途径的实验中，只有非常少量（少于0.03mM）的丙酮酸盐用自然铁做还原剂^[8]；而在热液环境中只有更少量的（大约10μM）用氢气做还原剂。^[9]

参见

参考资料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ragsdale Stephen W. Metals and Their Scaffolds To Promote Difficult Enzymatic Reactions. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106 (8): 3317–3337. PMID 16895330. doi:10.1021/cr0503153.
^ Paul A. Lindahl "Nickel-Carbon Bonds in Acetyl-Coenzyme A Synthases/Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases" Met. Ions Life Sci. 2009, volume 6, pp. 133–150. doi:10.1039/9781847559159-00133
^ Can, Mehmet; Armstrong, Fraser A.; Ragsdale, Stephen W. Structure, Function, and Mechanism of the Nickel Metalloenzymes, CO Dehydrogenase, and Acetyl-CoA Synthase. Chemical Reviews. 2014-04-23, 114 (8): 4149–4174. ISSN 0009-2665. PMC 4002135  . PMID 24521136. doi:10.1021/cr400461p.
^ Spormann, Alfred M.; Thauer, Rudolf K. Anaerobic acetate oxidation to CO₂ by Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans. Archives of Microbiology. 1988, 150 (4): 374–380. ISSN 0302-8933. S2CID 2158253. doi:10.1007/BF00408310.
^ Matschiavelli, N.; Oelgeschlager, E.; Cocchiararo, B.; Finke, J.; Rother, M. Function and regulation of isoforms of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase in Methanosarcina acetivorans. Journal of Bacteriology. 2012, 194 (19): 5377–87. PMC 3457241  . PMID 22865842. doi:10.1128/JB.00881-12.
^ M. C. Weiss; et al. The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor. Nature Microbiology. 2016, 1 (16116): 16116. PMID 27562259. S2CID 2997255. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.116.
^ Braakman, Rogier; Smith, Eric. The Emergence and Early Evolution of Biological Carbon-Fixation. PLOS Computational Biology. 2012-04-19, 8 (4): e1002455. Bibcode:2012PLSCB...8E2455B. ISSN 1553-7358. PMC 3334880  . PMID 22536150. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002455 （英语）.
^ Varma, Sreejith J.; Muchowska, Kamila B.; Chatelain, Paul; Moran, Joseph. Native iron reduces CO2 to intermediates and end-products of the acetyl-CoA pathway. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2018-04-23, 2 (6): 1019–1024. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5969571  . PMID 29686234. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0542-2 （英语）.
^ Preiner, Martina; Igarashi, Kensuke; Muchowska, Kamila B.; Yu, Mingquan; Varma, Sreejith J.; Kleinermanns, Karl; Nobu, Masaru K.; Kamagata, Yoichi; Tüysüz, Harun; Moran, Joseph; Martin, William F. A hydrogen-dependent geochemical analogue of primordial carbon and energy metabolism. Nature Ecology & Evolution. April 2020, 4 (4): 534–542 [2022-07-30]. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 32123322. S2CID 211729738. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1125-6. （原始内容存档于2023-02-17）（英语）.

延伸阅读

Wood HG. Life with CO or CO2 and H2 as a source of carbon and energy. FASEB J. February 1991, 5 (2): 156–63. PMID 1900793. S2CID 45967404. doi:10.1096/fasebj.5.2.1900793.
Diekert G, Wohlfarth G. Metabolism of homoacetogens. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 1994, 66 (1–3): 209–21. PMID 7747932. S2CID 7473300. doi:10.1007/BF00871640.

[Rags-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Ragsdale Stephen W. Metals and Their Scaffolds To Promote Difficult Enzymatic Reactions. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106 (8): 3317–3337. PMID 16895330. doi:10.1021/cr0503153.

[2] Paul A. Lindahl "Nickel-Carbon Bonds in Acetyl-Coenzyme A Synthases/Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases" Met. Ions Life Sci. 2009, volume 6, pp. 133–150. doi:10.1039/9781847559159-00133

[3] Can, Mehmet; Armstrong, Fraser A.; Ragsdale, Stephen W. Structure, Function, and Mechanism of the Nickel Metalloenzymes, CO Dehydrogenase, and Acetyl-CoA Synthase. Chemical Reviews. 2014-04-23, 114 (8): 4149–4174. ISSN 0009-2665. PMC 4002135  . PMID 24521136. doi:10.1021/cr400461p.

[4] Spormann, Alfred M.; Thauer, Rudolf K. Anaerobic acetate oxidation to CO₂ by Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans. Archives of Microbiology. 1988, 150 (4): 374–380. ISSN 0302-8933. S2CID 2158253. doi:10.1007/BF00408310.

[5] Matschiavelli, N.; Oelgeschlager, E.; Cocchiararo, B.; Finke, J.; Rother, M. Function and regulation of isoforms of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase in Methanosarcina acetivorans. Journal of Bacteriology. 2012, 194 (19): 5377–87. PMC 3457241  . PMID 22865842. doi:10.1128/JB.00881-12.

[6] M. C. Weiss; et al. The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor. Nature Microbiology. 2016, 1 (16116): 16116. PMID 27562259. S2CID 2997255. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.116.

[7] Braakman, Rogier; Smith, Eric. The Emergence and Early Evolution of Biological Carbon-Fixation. PLOS Computational Biology. 2012-04-19, 8 (4): e1002455. Bibcode:2012PLSCB...8E2455B. ISSN 1553-7358. PMC 3334880  . PMID 22536150. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002455 （英语）.

[8] Varma, Sreejith J.; Muchowska, Kamila B.; Chatelain, Paul; Moran, Joseph. Native iron reduces CO2 to intermediates and end-products of the acetyl-CoA pathway. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2018-04-23, 2 (6): 1019–1024. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5969571  . PMID 29686234. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0542-2 （英语）.

[9] Preiner, Martina; Igarashi, Kensuke; Muchowska, Kamila B.; Yu, Mingquan; Varma, Sreejith J.; Kleinermanns, Karl; Nobu, Masaru K.; Kamagata, Yoichi; Tüysüz, Harun; Moran, Joseph; Martin, William F. A hydrogen-dependent geochemical analogue of primordial carbon and energy metabolism. Nature Ecology & Evolution. April 2020, 4 (4): 534–542 [2022-07-30]. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 32123322. S2CID 211729738. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1125-6. （原始内容存档于2023-02-17）（英语）.

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