并合 (语言学)
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并合（incorporation）为语言学之语法类别上的一种现象，诸如动词与其宾语（宾语并合）或副词修饰语所形成的合成词；同时保留其原始的语法功能。其中包含名词修饰动词，并缩小其词义涵盖范围，而不是引用特定的语词实体来进行此类功能。而并合与黏着法构词(agglutination)有基本上的不同；并合主要以及物性(transitivity)与配价(verb valency)构成为主；而黏着法构词可以是数名词或名词形容词等而合成一单词(合成词)，或者及物性及配价所构成亦可。
并合是多式综合语的核心，例如在北美、西伯利亚，以及北澳大利亚等之语言里都可以发现此类语法现象。 然而，多式综合功能并不一定意味着有并合的功能（Mithun 2009）；而且这些并合表现的语言也不意味着该语言有多式综合的功能。
并合范例 编辑
英语 编辑
奥内达语 编辑
帕内尔语 编辑
楚科奇语 编辑
科里亚克语 编辑
莫霍克语 编辑
夏安语 编辑
汉语 编辑
名词并合的语义 编辑
历时观点的并合 编辑
注释 编辑
参考文献 编辑
- Baker, Mark C. (1996). The Polysynthesis Parameter. New York [etc.]: Oxford University Press.
- Baker, Mark C. (1988) Incorporation: a theory of grammatical function changing. Chicago:. University of Chicago Press.
- Evans, Nicholas & Hans-Jürgen Sasse (eds.). (2002). Problems of Polysynthesis. Berlin : Akademie Verlag.
- Kroeber, Alfred L. (1909). Noun incorporation in American languages. In F. Heger (Ed.), XVI Internationaler Amerikanisten-Kongress (pp. 569–576). Vienna: Hartleben.
- Kroeber, Alfred L. (1911). Incorporation as a linguistic process. American Anthropologist, 13 (4), 577-584.
- Jacques, Guillaume. From Denominal Derivation to Incorporation. Lingua. 2012, 122 (11): 1027–1231 [2017-05-13]. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2012.05.010. （原始内容存档于2021-05-25）.[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Massam, Diane. (2001). Pseudo noun incorporation in Niuean. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 19 (1), 153-197.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1984). The evolution of noun incorporation. Language, 60 (4), 847-895. [2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Mithun, M. (1985). Diachronic morphologization: The circumstances surrounding the birth, growth, and decline of noun incorporation. Papers from the Sixth International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 6. Jacek Fisiak, ed. Amsterdam-Poznan: John Benjamins-Adam Mickiewicz University, 365-394.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1986). On the nature of noun incorporation. Language, 62 (1), 32-38. [3] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Mithun, Marianne. (2009) Polysynthesis in the arctic. In: Mahieu, M.-A., Tersis, N. (Eds.), Variations on Polysynthesis, The Eskaleut Languages. Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp. 3–18. [4]
- Mattissen, Johanna. (2006) The ontology and diachrony of polysynthesis. In: Wunderlich, D. (Ed.), Advances in the Theory of the Lexicon. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin/New York, pp. 287–354.
- Payne, Thomas E. Describing Morphosyntax, Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-58805-7
- Rosen, Sara T. (1989). Two types of noun incorporation: A lexical analysis. Language, 65 (2), 294-317.
- Sadock, Jerrold M. (1980). Noun incorporation in Greenlandic: A case of syntactic word-formation. Language, 57 (2), 300-319.
- Sadock, Jerrold M. (1986). Some notes on noun incorporation. Language, 62 (1), 19-31.
- Sapir, Edward. (1911). The problem of noun incorporation in American languages. American Anthropologist, 13 (2), 250-282.
- Van Valin, Robert D. & Randy LaPolla. (1997). Syntax: Structure, meaning and function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
范例及文本参考出处 编辑
- Conlang: Advanced Polysynthesis (Wikibooks)
- Lexicon of Linguistics
- Michael Jonathan Mathew Barrie Dynamic Antisymmetry and the Syntax of noun Incorporation[失效链接]
- Van Valin & LaPolla:1997