依托孕烯
依托孕烯植入式避孕器,是一种内含避孕药依托孕烯的根棒状装置[4]。它是最有效的避孕方式之一,一年失败率约为 0.05%[5]。疗效至少可持续三到四年,一些数据显示长达五年[3] [6] [7]。此装置植入于皮下。 移除后生育能力很快就能恢复[4]。
Etonogestrel birth control implant | |
---|---|
背景 | |
生育控制种类 | Hormonal Progestin-only implant |
初次使用日期 | 1998 印度尼西亚 |
Failure比率 (第一年) | |
完美使用 | 0.05% |
一般使用 | 0.05% |
用法 | |
持续期间 | 3 to 5 years[1][2] |
可逆性 | Yes |
注意事项 | Requires removal after the 3–5 years[3] |
优点及缺点 | |
是否可以防止性传播疾病 | No |
是否影响体重 | May cause weight gain |
月经 | May cause irregular or prolonged bleeding |
月经 | Minimizes pain. In 33% no periods. |
好处 | Long-term contraception. |
常见副作用为月经变化,包括不规律出血,有约三分之一的女性出现停经[4] [8] [9]。肝病患者不建议服用[9]。依托孕烯植入剂是一种长效可逆避孕药[5]。作用原理是抑制排卵、使宫颈口周围的粘液变稠,并改变子宫内膜的情况[10]。
依托孕烯植入剂分别于1998年及2006年,在印尼及美国取得医疗使用可[8] [11]。名列世界卫生组织基本药物清单[12]。它有学名药流通于市[13]。依托孕烯植入剂已在 90 多个国家取得使用许可,至2010年止,全球约有300万女性使用它[10] [11]。
参考文献
编辑- ^ Hamilton, Richard J. Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2016 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2016: 392 [2018-06-02]. ISBN 9781284095289. (原始内容存档于2018-08-19).
- ^ Melville, Catriona. Sexual and Reproductive Health at a Glance. John Wiley & Sons. 2015: 21 [2018-06-03]. ISBN 9781118460757. (原始内容存档于2018-08-19).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Lotke, Pamela S. Contraception, An Issue of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics, E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2016: 634 [2019-08-12]. ISBN 9780323402590. (原始内容存档于2021-08-28) (英语).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 World Health Organization. The selection and use of essential medicines. Twentieth report of the WHO Expert Committee 2015 (including 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and 5th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2015: 332–36. ISBN 9789241209946. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series;994.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Wipf, Joyce. Women's Health, An Issue of Medical Clinics of North America. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015: 507–509. ISBN 9780323376082. (原始内容存档于2017-09-24).
- ^ Hatcher, Robert Anthony. Contraceptive technology. Hatcher, Robert A. (Robert Anthony), 1937- 21st. New York, NY. September 2018: Chapter 4, specifically pages 129–134. ISBN 978-1732055605. OCLC 1048947218.
- ^ Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices - ACOG. www.acog.org. [20 August 2019]. (原始内容存档于28 August 2021).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Shoupe, Donna; Mishell, Daniel R. The Handbook of Contraception: A Guide for Practical Management 2. Humana Press. 2015: 140. ISBN 9783319201856. (原始内容存档于2017-09-24).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Implanon - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses. www.drugs.com. [1 January 2017]. (原始内容存档于1 January 2017).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Pattman, Richard; Sankar, Nathan; Handy, Pauline; Price, David Ashley. Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health. OUP Oxford. 2010: 368. ISBN 9780199571666. (原始内容存档于2017-09-24).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Senanayake, Pramilla; Potts, Malcolm. Atlas of Contraception, Second Edition 2. CRC Press. 2008: 53. ISBN 9780203347324. (原始内容存档于2017-09-24).
- ^ World Health Organization. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ British national formulary : BNF 76 76. Pharmaceutical Press. 2018: 791. ISBN 9780857113382.