保持社交距离
保持社交距离(英语:Social Distancing)[5][6][7],世卫建议称为保持人身距离[8](Physical distancing),又称采取社交距离[9]、社交疏远[10],是一种试图阻止传染病传播或降低其速度的非药物性感染控制措施,其目的为减少感染者和未感染者之间的接触,并借此使疾病的传播途径、致病率和死亡率可以降到最低。[11][12]
当传染病可以通过飞沫接触(咳嗽或喷嚏)、包括性接触在内的直接身体接触、间接身体接触(比如:接触受污染的表面,如染菌物)或空气传染(这样的微生物可以在空气中生存较长时间)来传播时,保持社交距离是最有效的感染控制措施。[13]
不过,如果传染病主要通过受污染的水和食物或蚊子等昆虫载体传播,且人与人之间的传播频率很低,那么保持社交距离可能就不那么有效。[14]保持社交距离的缺点包括孤独、生产率降低和失去与人际交往相关的其他好处。
早在公元前约1444年,《旧约圣经利未记》就有提及保持社交距离的概念,要求患皮肤病(经文称为大痳疯)的人“独居营外”。[15]历史上,人们在明白麻风病等传染病的传染方式,并发明出有效的治疗方式前,会利用麻风病疗养院和检疫站对病人保持社交距离,以阻止传染病传播。[16]
理论基础
编辑从流行病学的角度来看,保持社交距离的基础目标是降低基本传染数 ,即在所有人都同样易感某种疾病的人群中,一个主要的感染者所传染的二次感染者的平均数量。保持社交距离的基础模型指出,[17]当人口的一部分 保持社交距离,把人际交往次数减少至日常次数的一小部分 时,新的有效传染数 为:
如果25%的人口把社交交往次数减少至日常次数的50%,那么有效传染数将减少至基本传染数的81%,这样的减少看似微不足道,却对延缓疾病的指数增长和传播意义深远。
例子
编辑效果
编辑研究表明,只有立即并严格地保持社交距离,才能有所成效。[29]1918年流感大流行期间,美国政府在费城和圣路易斯实施了关闭学校、取缔公众集会等社交疏远干预措施,然而,费城将这些措施的启用推迟了5天,使得传染率翻了三至五倍,相反,圣路易斯对疫情反应得更加迅速,令当地降低传染率的措施卓有成效。[30]布茨马和弗格森分析了1918年流感大流行期间16个美国城市的社交疏远措施,发现有时间限制的措施因为推行得太晚、取消得太早,往往只能适度地降低死亡率(可能为10-30%),且起到的作用十分有限。另外,一些城市在解除社交疏远控制后,出现了第二次流行高峰,这是因为,原本被保护起来的易感人群因控制的解除而暴露在外界。[31]
关闭学校
编辑数学模型显示,关闭学校可能延缓疫情传播。不过,关闭学校的效果取决于儿童在校外的人际交往,并且,通常双亲中的一个不得不请假以照看孩子。此外,必要的“长期”隔离可能导致社会和经济混乱。[33]
关闭学校使得1957年至1958年爆发的亚洲流感的致病率降低了90%,[34]同样,它也使得美国在2004年至2005年间将流感的致病率控制到了50%。[35]类似地,在墨西哥2009年流感疫情期间,强制关闭学校等社交疏远措施把流感的传染率降低了29%至37%。[36]
2009年英国猪流感疫情期间,发表在《柳叶刀传染病》上的一篇名为《流感大流行期间关闭学校》的文章称,许多流行病学家赞成通过关闭学校来中断感染进程、延缓疾病传播并争取研究和生产疫苗的时间。[37]在研究了1918年大流行、1957年大流行和1968年大流行等曾经的流感大流行后,流行病学家们报告了关闭学校对经济和劳动力的影响——尤其是当很大比例的医生和护士是妇女,且她们中的一半都拥有16岁以下的子女时的影响。流行病学家们还研究了流感于法国学校假期期间在法国的传播情况,并指出,病例数在学校关闭时有所下降,当学校重新开放时却又渐渐回升。他们又指出,在1999年至2000年的流感季节期间的以色列,当老师们举行罢工时,去看医生的人数下降了至少五分之一,呼吸道感染病例数下降了至少五分之二。[38]
关闭工作场所
编辑基于美国数据的建模与仿真研究表明,在关闭10%受影响工作场所之后,总体传染率约为11.9%,且流行高峰期的到来将略微延迟。相比之下,如果关闭掉33%的受影响工作场所,那么发病率将降至4.9%,且高峰期将延迟1周到来。[39]
针对有患病风险者的隔离
编辑在2003新加坡出现非典疫情时,为了减缓非典的疫情,有超过八千人强制居家隔离,另外有四千人需进行个人健康管理,注意自身是否有相关症状,并且每天和医疗人员电话联系。这些人中,后来其实只有58人确诊了非典,而公共卫生部门认为此措施防止了传染病的进一步传播[40]。在2009年的德州流感疫情中,自愿隔离者有减缓疫情的传播[41]。
防疫线
编辑1995年时曾使用防疫线来控制位在萨伊境内基奎特的埃博拉出血热疫情[42][43][44]。蒙博托·塞塞·塞科总统在基奎特附近驻军,暂停所有进入此城市的航班。世界卫生组织和萨伊的医疗团队在基奎特城内进行了进一步的防疫线,将墓地及治疗病患的区域放在远离人群的区域,成功的防治疫情的扩散[45]。在2003年加拿大的非典疫情时,也有用社区隔离来防治疫情,有一些效果[46]。
保护性隔离
编辑在1918年出现流感疫情时,美国科罗拉多州的甘尼森为了避免引入传染病,曾封闭城市二个月之久。所有的高速公路都不允许进入此城市。火车服务员也警告乘客,若他们在甘尼森下车,会被逮捕并隔离五天。在此措施下,甘尼森中没有任何人因为当时的流感疫情而死亡[47]。许多城市也采取了类似的防疫措施[48]。
取消群众聚集
编辑一般认为群众聚集会增加传染病散布的风险,但相关的证据说服力还不足[49]。有轶事证据指出有特定种类的群众聚集和流行性感冒的风险增加有关,也可能让新的病毒株进入一些地区,在大规模流行时促进了社区性的传播。在1918年的流行性感冒疫情中,费城[50]及波士顿的阅兵[51]让许多已感染流感的水手和市民聚集在一处,也造成了疾病的传播。若限制群众聚集,并且配合其他社交疏远的措施,可以降低传染病的传播[52]。
旅游限制
编辑边境管制及(或)国内的旅游限制顶多可以将疫情延迟二至三周,除非实施率达到99%,不然不太可能将疫情再进一步的减缓[53]。在2003年加拿大的非典疫情中,机场检查对避免疫情扩散的助益不大[54],在美国也有类似情形[55]。在1770年至1871年之间,奥地利和奥斯曼帝国有边界管制,避免患有腺鼠疫的人进入奥地利,在管制后,奥斯曼帝国仍有鼠疫疫情,一直到十九世纪中才结束,而奥地利没有大型的鼠疫爆发,因此防疫对策有效[56]。
美国东北大学2020年的研究指出,“限制出入境中国的旅游,配合降低社区传播及个人传播的措施,只能减缓2019冠状病毒病的跨国散布。没有加上社交疏离措施的旅游限制,在疫情防护上是不够的。”[57]研究发现武汉的旅游禁令,只让中国大陆其他地区的疫情延后三至五天一,不过让跨国的传播减少了80%。旅游限制对2019冠状病毒病防治效果不大,因为患病初期可能没有症状[58]。
缺点
编辑保持社交距离的缺点包括孤独、生产率降低和失去与人际交往相关的其他坏处。[59]在没有广泛使用远程技术和个人防护设备的发展中国家,社区往往更难检测其成员的健康。
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参见
编辑外部链接
编辑- Why outbreaks like coronavirus spread exponentially, and how to “flatten the curve” (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), by Harry Stevens, Washington Post, March 14 2020, "These simulations show how to flatten the coronavirus growth curve"