全储备银行业务

全储备银行业务也被称为百分之百储备银行业务，相对于“部分储备银行业务”，这类银行需要具备相对应储户所存入的现金的所有额度，让存款者在提款时满足他们的需求。举例来说，顾客们的活期存款账户或是支票户口这类的存款都不能被银行作为借贷的流动资金，因为这些资金是银行顾客们需要资金时要立即满足他们需求的金额。相对应的，定期存款则没有这方面的要求与限制，在定期存款期间，银行可以不用立即履行顾客们的金钱需求^[1]。

在过去的货币改革，充分储备银行业务被许多经济学家广泛提出，特别是在1935年有一群经济学家，其中包括欧文·费雪，这些思维主要是对于大萧条做出回应^[2]^[3]。然而在现今的世界中，没有任何金融体系特别提到全储备银行业务，主要是由于银行业借由合约来满足存款准备金比率。

全储备银行业务的观点

经济学家米尔顿·佛利民认为支票账户需要具有百分之百的储备要求^[4] ，另外劳伦斯·克里寇夫也呼吁应该终结部分准备金银行业务^[5]。奥地利经济学派的经济学家穆瑞·罗斯巴德也曾撰文指出不能符合全储备银行业务的银行都是非法的，另外全储备银行业务可以减少挤兑的风险^[6]^[7]。

一些经济学家指出，由于银行不能使用活期存款来供人贷款，因此难以从活期存款赚取的收益，认为储户必须支付与活期存款账户相关联服务的费用。虽然多数人都了解到这方面的状况，不过大众可能会拒绝这项政策^[8]^[9]。随着央行零利率和负利率政策，一些储户已经开始把把自己的积蓄存入需要支付存款费用的地方甚至存入部分储备银行业务^[10]。经济学家道格拉斯·戴蒙德与菲利浦H. 迪维格也警告在全储备银行业务下，银行不能使用这部分的资金作借贷，会造成活期存款功能被不受监管的机构诸如垃圾债券所取代，进而造成垃圾债券成为金融中介与期限转换，使金融体系的不稳定并造成金融危机的风险增加^[11]^[12]。

对于2007年–2008年环球金融危机的反思，金融时报首席经济学家马丁·沃尔夫赞同全储备银行业务，并说到"这将带来巨大的好处"^[3]，约翰·H·科克伦（英语：John_H._Cochrane）也认同全储备银行业务的优势^[13]。然而保罗·克鲁格曼在纽约时报的回应则是认为"全储备银行业务当然值得谈论"，但担心它会推动银行体系之外的金融活动，强化了影子银行这类较少受到规范的金融体系所^[14]。

参见

参考文献

^ A Program for Monetary Reform
^ Fisher, Irving, 100% Money, 1935
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Weisenthal, Joe. BAN ALL THE BANKS: Here's The Wild Idea That People Are Starting To Take Seriously. Business Insider. [2016-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-01）.
^ Solow, Robert M., On the Lender of Last Resort, Financial crises, contagion, and the lender of last resort, Oxford University Press: 203, March 28, 2002 [2016-07-02], ISBN 978-0-19-924721-9, （原始内容存档于2019-07-26）
^ Kotlikoff, Laurence J.; Leamer, Edward, A Banking System We Can Trust (PDF), Forbes.com, April 23, 2009 [September 14, 2010], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011年6月4日）
^ Rothbard, Murray N., The Mystery of Banking (PDF), Ludwig von Mises Institute, [September 14, 2010], ISBN 978-1-933550-28-2, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-11-11）
^ The Case for a 100% Gold Dollar （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Murray Rothbard
^ White, Lawrence H. Accounting for Fractional-Reserve Banknotes and Deposits—or, What’s Twenty Quid to the Bloody Midland Bank? (PDF). The Independent Review. Winter 2003, 7 (3): 423–41 [2016-07-02]. ISSN 1086-1653. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-04-29）.
^ Allen, William. Irving Fisher and the 100 Percent Reserve Proposal. Journal of Law and Economics. October 1993, 36 (2): 703–17. JSTOR 725805. doi:10.1086/467295.
^ Texan Gold Depository. [2016-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-26）.
^ Diamond, Douglas W; Philip H. Dybvig, Banking Theory, Deposit Insurance, and Bank Regulation, The Journal of Business, Jan 1986, 59 (1): 55–68, JSTOR 2352687, doi:10.1086/296314, In conclusion, 100% reserve banking is a dangerous proposal that would do substantial damage to the economy by reducing the overall amount of liquidity. Furthermore, the proposal is likely to be ineffective in increasing stability since it will be impossible to control the institutions that will enter in the vacuum left when banks can no longer create liquidity. Fortunately, the political realities make it unlikely that this radical and imprudent proposal will be adopted. |quote=和|postscript=只需其一 (帮助)
^ Diamond, Douglas; Philip Dybvig. Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review. Winter 2000, 24 (1): 14–23 [29 August 2012]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-08-29）.
^ Cochrane, John. Toward a run - free financial system (PDF). [2016-07-02]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-04-29）.
^ Krugman, Paul. Is A Banking Ban The Answer?. New York Times. April 26, 2014 [September 18, 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-08）.

[1] A Program for Monetary Reform

[2] Fisher, Irving, 100% Money, 1935

[Weisenthal-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Weisenthal, Joe. BAN ALL THE BANKS: Here's The Wild Idea That People Are Starting To Take Seriously. Business Insider. [2016-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-01）.

[4] Solow, Robert M., On the Lender of Last Resort, Financial crises, contagion, and the lender of last resort, Oxford University Press: 203, March 28, 2002 [2016-07-02], ISBN 978-0-19-924721-9, （原始内容存档于2019-07-26）

[5] Kotlikoff, Laurence J.; Leamer, Edward, A Banking System We Can Trust (PDF), Forbes.com, April 23, 2009 [September 14, 2010], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011年6月4日）

[6] Rothbard, Murray N., The Mystery of Banking (PDF), Ludwig von Mises Institute, [September 14, 2010], ISBN 978-1-933550-28-2, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-11-11）

[The_Case_for_a_100%_Gold_Dollar-7] The Case for a 100% Gold Dollar （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Murray Rothbard

[White2003-8] White, Lawrence H. Accounting for Fractional-Reserve Banknotes and Deposits—or, What’s Twenty Quid to the Bloody Midland Bank? (PDF). The Independent Review. Winter 2003, 7 (3): 423–41 [2016-07-02]. ISSN 1086-1653. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-04-29）.

[Allen_1993_703–717-9] Allen, William. Irving Fisher and the 100 Percent Reserve Proposal. Journal of Law and Economics. October 1993, 36 (2): 703–17. JSTOR 725805. doi:10.1086/467295.

[10] Texan Gold Depository. [2016-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-26）.

[Diamond-Dybvig-11] Diamond, Douglas W; Philip H. Dybvig, Banking Theory, Deposit Insurance, and Bank Regulation, The Journal of Business, Jan 1986, 59 (1): 55–68, JSTOR 2352687, doi:10.1086/296314, In conclusion, 100% reserve banking is a dangerous proposal that would do substantial damage to the economy by reducing the overall amount of liquidity. Furthermore, the proposal is likely to be ineffective in increasing stability since it will be impossible to control the institutions that will enter in the vacuum left when banks can no longer create liquidity. Fortunately, the political realities make it unlikely that this radical and imprudent proposal will be adopted. |quote=和|postscript=只需其一 (帮助)

[12] Diamond, Douglas; Philip Dybvig. Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review. Winter 2000, 24 (1): 14–23 [29 August 2012]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-08-29）.

[13] Cochrane, John. Toward a run - free financial system (PDF). [2016-07-02]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-04-29）.

[14] Krugman, Paul. Is A Banking Ban The Answer?. New York Times. April 26, 2014 [September 18, 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-08）.

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