分散决策

分散决策（或称非集中决策）是当决策单位分散在大型机构各个位置，也指高层给低层官员、执行官和工人授权进行决策。可以是任何规模的机构，可以是政府机构或者公司，但一般用于大型机构。这是一种分散权利的有效手段，对管理学、组织行为学和政府工作有深刻影响。

首先，分散决策来源于组织智慧和群体智慧。分散决策也受益于核心知识，一般是按照卡尔·荣格的集体无意识理论。

麻省理工大学教授Thomas W. Malone认为分散决策主要有三个好处：

(1) 激励创造和开发;

(2) 让很多头脑同时工作，解决同一个问题

(3) 允许灵活性和个人主义

Malone说分散决策一般可以创造更灵活的意见，减少企业中的谄媚奉承，当高层授权决策责任后，领导者也具备一定的控制权，这样信息的流动更通畅。因此低层向高层汇报更多的情况，允许创新，更有效率的工作，促进生产力。允许创新可以提升整体质量管理。

参见

Drucker, Peter F., Post-Capitalist Society. (1993) HarperBusiness, New York.
Gerstner Jr., Louis V., Who Says Elephants Can't Dance? Inside IBM's Historic Turnaround. (2002) HarperBusiness, New York.
Gladwell, Malcolm, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. (2002) Little, Brown & Co., Boston.
Kahneman, Daniel, & Tversky, Amos, Choices, Values, and Frames (2000) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Malone, Thomas W.,"Is 'Empowerment' Just a Fad? Control, Decision-Making, and Information Technology," Sloan Management Review 23: 38, no. 2 (1997).
Malone, Thomas W., The Future of Work: How the New Order of Business Will Shape Your Organization, Your Management Style, and Your Life. (2004) Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Trotter, Wilfred, Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War. (1915) Macmillan, New York.
Surowiecki, James, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations. (2004) Little, Brown, Boston.
Sunstein, Cass, Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge. (2006) Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.