分散決策

分散決策（或稱非集中決策）是當決策單位分散在大型機構各個位置，也指高層給低層官員、執行官和工人授權進行決策。可以是任何規模的機構，可以是政府機構或者公司，但一般用於大型機構。這是一種分散權利的有效手段，對管理學、組織行為學和政府工作有深刻影響。

首先，分散決策來源於組織智慧和群體智慧。分散決策也受益於核心知識，一般是按照卡爾·榮格的集體無意識理論。

麻省理工大學教授Thomas W. Malone認為分散決策主要有三個好處：

(1) 激勵創造和開發;

(2) 讓很多頭腦同時工作，解決同一個問題

(3) 允許靈活性和個人主義

Malone說分散決策一般可以創造更靈活的意見，減少企業中的諂媚奉承，當高層授權決策責任後，領導者也具備一定的控制權，這樣信息的流動更通暢。因此低層向高層匯報更多的情況，允許創新，更有效率的工作，促進生產力。允許創新可以提升整體質量管理。

參見

Drucker, Peter F., Post-Capitalist Society. (1993) HarperBusiness, New York.
Gerstner Jr., Louis V., Who Says Elephants Can't Dance? Inside IBM's Historic Turnaround. (2002) HarperBusiness, New York.
Gladwell, Malcolm, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. (2002) Little, Brown & Co., Boston.
Kahneman, Daniel, & Tversky, Amos, Choices, Values, and Frames (2000) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Malone, Thomas W.,"Is 'Empowerment' Just a Fad? Control, Decision-Making, and Information Technology," Sloan Management Review 23: 38, no. 2 (1997).
Malone, Thomas W., The Future of Work: How the New Order of Business Will Shape Your Organization, Your Management Style, and Your Life. (2004) Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Trotter, Wilfred, Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War. (1915) Macmillan, New York.
Surowiecki, James, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations. (2004) Little, Brown, Boston.
Sunstein, Cass, Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge. (2006) Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.