同盟国占领德国期间的强奸
（重定向自占领德国时的强暴事件）
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同盟国占领德国期间的强奸，指二战结束后盟军对德国女性的强奸，包括苏军、美军、英军和法军。长期以来此事在国际媒体上鲜受关注。[1][2][3]
苏联 编辑
强奸主要发生在德国苏占区。约2,000,000妇女被苏联红军强奸[4][5][6][7] 。根据史学家William Hitchcock的著述，很多妇女被轮奸，有些多达六七十次[8]。至少100,000名妇女在柏林被强奸[6]，约10,000名妇女在之后死亡[9]。
美国 编辑
J. Robert Lilly 估计11,040名妇女被美军强奸[10]。D日美军攻下法国后，继续进攻德国，很多德国妇女在1945年被美军强奸[11]。
英国 编辑
按Sean Longden著述，英军有宪兵队审查军纪，定期处理强奸报告，强奸规模远小于苏联红军，但依旧零星发生强奸案件[12]。
法国 编辑
Perry Biddiscombe援引原始档案估计法军在康斯坦茨作了385起强奸案，在布鲁赫萨尔约600起，在弗罗伊登施塔特约500起[13] 。三地总共约1,485起强奸。其他地区也有强奸传闻，但数据不明。
引用文献 编辑
- ^ Allan Hall in Berlin. German women break their silence on horrors of Red Army rapes. Telegraph.co.uk. 24 October 2008 [10 December 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-28）.
- ^ Raped by the Red Army: Two million German women speak out. The Independent. [10 December 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-17）.
- ^ Susanne Beyer. Harrowing Memoir: German Woman Writes Ground-Breaking Account of WW2 Rape. Spiegel.de. [10 December 2014]. （原始内容存档于2010-03-01）.
- ^ Heineman, Elizabeth. The Hour of the Woman: Memories of Germany's "Crisis Years" and West German National Identity. American Historical Review. 1996, 101 (2): 354–395. JSTOR 2170395. doi:10.2307/2170395.
- ^ Kuwert, P.; Freyberger, H. The unspoken secret: Sexual violence in World War II. International Psychogeriatrics. 2007, 19 (4): 782–784. PMID 17726764. doi:10.1017/S1041610207005376.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 BBC - History - World Wars: The Battle for Berlin in World War Two. Bbc.co.uk. [10 December 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-04）.
- ^ Heineman, Elizabeth. The Hour of the Woman: Memories of Germany's 'Crisis Years' and West German National Identity. Hanna Schissler (编). The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949–1968. Princeton University Press. 2001: 28 [27 January 2018]. ISBN 0-691-05820-2. （原始内容存档于2020-08-30）.
- ^ Hitchcock, William I. The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945 to the Present. Anchor Books. 2004 [2020-11-19]. ISBN 978-0-385-49799-2. （原始内容存档于2019-04-04）.
- ^ Atina Grossmann. A Question of Silence: The Rape of German Women by Occupation Soldiers October, Vol. 72, Berlin 1945: War and Rape "Liberators Take Liberties" (Spring, 1995), pp. 42–63 MIT Press
- ^ Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II. J Robert Lilly. ISBN 978-0-230-50647-3 p.12
- ^ Harrington, Carol (2010). Politicization of Sexual Violence: From Abolitionism to Peacekeeping. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） London: Ashgate. pp. 80–81. ISBN 0-7546-7458-4.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Longden, Sean. To the Victor the Spoils. Little, Brown Book Group. 25 July 2013: 140–141. ISBN 978-1-4721-1218-7.
- ^ Biddiscombe, Perry. Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the U.S. Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948. Journal of Social History. 2001, 34 (3): 635. JSTOR 3789820. doi:10.1353/jsh.2001.0002.