原子论
原子论(英语:Atomism,来自古希腊语atomos,含义为“不可分割”),是在一些古代传统中发展出的一种自然哲学。原子论者将自然世界理论化为由两基本部分所构成:不可分割的原子和空无的虚空(void)。
简介
编辑依据亚里士多德引述的原子论观点,原子是不可构造的和永恒不变的,并且形状和大小有无穷的变化。它们在空无(empty)中移动,相互碰离,有时变成与一个或多个其他原子相钩结而形成聚簇(cluster)。不同形状、排列和位置的聚簇引起世界上各种宏观物质(substance)。[1][2]
德谟克利特和留基伯
编辑德谟克利特和留基伯声称,真空或虚空(void or empty space)将原子分散开来,使其能够自由运动。当原子运动时,它们可能会相互碰撞并形成新的排列方式,从而导致物质发生变化。两位思想家认为这些永恒的原子数量是无限的,但可以组合成不同结构的数量是有限的。[3]这解释了为什么不同物质存在固定的量。例如,在我们死后,构成身体的原子并不会腐烂消失,而是分散并重新组合。德谟克利特和留基伯提出了完整且机械论性质的宇宙观,并没有依赖于神或众神概念。他们还揭示了物质的基本属性,这对于物理科学的发展尤其重要,在17世纪至20世纪之间彻底改变了科学界对于原子理论。[4][5][6]
溯源
编辑对原子概念的记述可以上溯到古希腊和古印度。在西方,对原子的记述出现在公元前5世纪留基伯和德谟克利特的著作中[7]。有人将印度的耆那教[8][9]的原子论认定为开创者大雄在公元前6世纪提出,并将与其同时代六师外道的正命论和顺世派先驱的元素思想也称为原子论[10]。对于印度文化影响希腊还是反之,亦或二者独立演化迄今仍存在争议。[11]
在古印度哲学中,正理派和胜论派后来发展出了原子如何组合成更复杂物体的理论。[12]佛教中,在对应于元素论的四界学说基础上,发展出了对应原子论的极微学说,后来进一步演绎出成规模体系的色聚理论。
注解
编辑- ^ Aristotle, Metaphysics I, 4, 985b 10–15.
- ^ Berryman, Sylvia, "Ancient Atomism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/atomism-ancient/ (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Gomes, Gustavo Laet. The elementary role of the so-called differences in the atomism of Leucippus and Democritus. Prometheus - Journal of Philosophy. 2019-04-20, 11 (29). ISSN 2176-5960. doi:10.52052/issn.2176-5960.pro.v11i29.9101.
- ^ Godfrey, Raymond. Democritus and the Impossibility of Collision. Philosophy. 1990-04, 65 (252). ISSN 0031-8191. doi:10.1017/s0031819100064494.
- ^ Agostini, Cristina de Souza; Silveira, Isabel Porto da; Polla, Cauê Cardoso. Scientific Evolution of Philosophical Concepts of the Origins of Universe and Life. Revista Archai. 2021-12-10, (31). ISSN 1984-249X. doi:10.14195/1984-249x_31_16.
- ^ Bury, R. G. The Origin of Atomism. The Classical Review. 1916-02, 30 (1). ISSN 0009-840X. doi:10.1017/s0009840x0000946x.
- ^ The atomists, Leucippus and Democritus: fragments, a text and translation with a commentary by C.C.W. Taylor, University of Toronto Press Incorporated 1999, ISBN 0-8020-4390-9, pp. 157-158.
- ^ Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti. Indian Atomism: History and Sources. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press. 1981. ISBN 0-391-02177-X. OCLC 10916778.
- ^ Iannone, A. Pablo. Dictionary of World Philosophy. Routledge. 2001: 83,356 [2011-12-14]. ISBN 0415179955. OCLC 44541769. (原始内容存档于2020-07-26).
- ^ Thomas McEvilley, The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies ISBN 1-58115-203-5, Allwarth Press, 2002, p. 317-321.
- ^ Teresi, Dick. Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science. Simon & Schuster. 2003: 213–214. ISBN 074324379X.
- ^ Richard King, Indian philosophy: an introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought, , Edinburgh University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-7486-0954-7, pp. 105-107.
参考书目
编辑- Clericuzio, Antonio. Elements, Principles, and Corpuscles; a study of atomism and chemistry in the seventeenth century. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
- Cornford, Francis MacDonald. Plato's Cosmology: The Timaeus of Plato. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1957.
- Dijksterhuis, E. The Mechanization of the World Picture. Trans. by C. Dikshoorn. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-691-02396-4
- Firth, Raymond. Religion: A Humanist Interpretation. Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-12897-8.
- Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti. Indian Atomism: history and sources. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1981. ISBN 0-391-02177-X
- Gardet, L. "djuz'" in Encyclopaedia of Islam CD-ROM Edition, v. 1.1. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
- Gregory, Joshua C. A Short History of Atomism. London: A. and C. Black, Ltd, 1981.
- Kargon, Robert Hugh. Atomism in England from Hariot to Newton. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.
- Lloyd, G. E. R. Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. ISBN 0-521-09456-9
- Lloyd, G. E. R. Greek Science After Aristotle. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. ISBN 0-393-00780-4
- Marmara, Michael E. "Causation in Islamic Thought." Dictionary of the History of Ideas. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973-74. online at the of Virginia Electronic Text Center(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Redondi, Pietro. Galileo Heretic. Translated by Raymond Rosenthal. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-691-02426-X
- McEvilley, Thomas (2002). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. New York: Allworth Communications Inc. ISBN 1-58115-203-5.
参见
编辑外部链接
编辑- Dictionary of the History of Ideas: (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Atomism: Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century
- Dictionary of the History of Ideas: (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Atomism in the Seventeenth Century
- Jonathan Schaffer, "Is There a Fundamental Level?" Nous 37 (2003): 498-517.[1] Article by a philosopher who opposes atomism
- Article on traditional Greek atomism(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)