扎格柔斯

扎格柔斯或译为扎格列欧斯、扎格留斯、匝格瑞俄斯（Zagreus，希腊语：Ζαγρεύς），有时祂被认定为俄耳甫斯教信徒所膜拜的神祇，是最初的酒神，乃宙斯与珀耳塞福涅所生之子，曾遭受提坦的支解并且又获重生。最早提及扎格柔斯的神话中，祂与大地女神盖亚是婚配关系并被尊为“至高”之神，不过有可能仅仅在指祂是冥界神祇中地位崇高者。然而埃斯库罗斯却把黑帝斯与扎格柔斯关系作了联系，认为祂可能为黑帝斯之子，亦或与黑帝斯是同一尊神祇。值得注意的是“黑帝斯被认定成宙斯在阴间的另一神格（Hades' identity as Zeus' katachthonios alter ego）”，有“阴间宙斯”称号，提摩西·甘茨（Timothy Gantz）则假设最初扎格柔斯可能是黑帝斯与珀耳塞福涅之子，后来与俄耳甫斯教神祇狄俄倪索斯（本身为宙斯和珀耳塞福涅之子）身份等同。

词源

有关扎格柔斯原文──Zagreus的来源，正如同卡尔·克雷尼（Karl Kerényi）根据赫西丘斯训诂（the Hesychian gloss）所解释的那样：爱奥尼亚希腊语中捕捉活猎物的猎人被称为zagreus，而zagre这字根其意思是“捕捉活猎物的坑（pit for the capture of live animals）”。克雷尼这么说道“我们可以合理来质问，为何如此神话般伟大猎人，乃野生动物捕捉者而非屠杀者，到希腊却转变成冥界的神秘神灵呢？（We may justifiably ask, why was this great mythical hunter, who in Greece became a mysterious god of the underworld, a capturer of wild animals and not a killer?）”克雷尼也将扎格柔斯形象与古老酒神仪式联系起来，认为小动物遭肢解被生啖其肉，“此非希腊酒神教派作风，而是史前宗教仪式转化或遗留之习俗（not as an emanation of the Greek Dionysian religion, but rather as a migration or survival of a prehistoric rite）”。

古希腊宗教观的冥界

更多信息：黑帝斯、冥界 (希腊神话)、水仙平原、塔耳塔罗斯和至福乐土

早期仅于亡佚作品的片段中有提及扎格柔斯，当中已将希腊冥界与扎格柔斯做了连结。最早是出现于《阿尔克迈翁诗》（Alcmeonis，公元前六世纪？）单独引述的诗句：

中译：大地之母〔盖亚〕，以及诸神中至尊扎格柔斯。
原文英译：Mistress Earth [Gaia], and Zagreus highest of all the gods.

也许此处是指祂乃冥界最高神。

显然地，对于埃斯库罗斯而言扎格柔斯实质上就是冥界神灵。在埃斯库罗斯失传剧作《西西弗斯》（Sisyphus，约公元前五世纪）当中的一段诗句谈到，扎格柔斯似乎是黑帝斯之子，但在埃斯库罗另一作品《埃及人》（Aigyptioi）里，扎格柔斯看来又被认为与黑帝斯是同一尊神祇。从欧里庇得斯遗佚剧作《克里特人》（Cretan Men or Kretes）片段中，歌队将他们自己描述为伊达山宙斯（希腊神话中，伊达山有一处宙斯出生的穴窟──伊达洞府〔Idaean Cave〕，此山被视作祂母亲提坦既时光女神──雷亚圣地）启蒙者以及“夜游扎格柔斯，执行祂生肉盛宴（night-ranging Zagreus, performing his feasts of raw flesh）”仪式的司祭。

俄耳甫斯教的狄俄倪索斯·扎格柔斯

更多信息：法涅斯、俄耳甫斯教、狄俄倪索斯秘仪和俄耳甫斯蛋

狄俄倪索斯马赛克镶嵌画，出自泽乌玛马赛克博物馆（Zeugma Mosaic Museum）波塞冬馆（the House of Poseidon）

在欧里庇得斯断章残篇中所述的扎格柔斯让人联想到宙斯和塞墨勒（Semele）之子──酒神狄俄倪索斯，事实上，尽管“扎格柔斯”并没有出现在俄耳甫斯教发源地（色雷斯）的任何一处，但此名号在其他地方已被认定就是俄耳甫斯教的狄俄倪索斯（同体异名），而且其神话传说与其他普遍流传的版本截然不同。此尊狄俄倪索斯乃宙斯与珀耳塞福涅之子，在婴儿时期，祂惨遭提坦迫害及肢解，而后又重生成为宙斯和塞墨勒之子。

大众文化

参见：黑帝斯 (游戏)

2020年由超级巨人游戏工作室发行的电子游戏《黑帝斯》游戏内容，扎格柔斯被设定成本作主角。游戏中，作为黑帝斯之子的扎格柔斯（游戏中文版翻译为扎格列欧斯）试图逃出冥界去寻找母亲珀耳塞福涅，并了解其母离开的原因。

相关条目

• 俄耳甫斯教
• 俄耳甫斯蛋
• 轮回 (古希腊)
• 法涅斯
• 狄俄倪索斯
• 冥界 (希腊神话)
• 至福乐土
• 水仙平原
• 狄俄倪索斯秘仪
• 宇宙蛋
• 亡魂路引（或译为亡魂通行证、亡魂通行金片）
• 希腊罗马密教
• 珀耳塞福涅

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延伸阅读

• Ménard, Jacques E. "Le mythe de Dionysos Zagreus chez Philon". In: Revue des Sciences Religieuses, tome 42, fascicule 4, 1968. pp. 339–345. doi:10.3406/rscir.1968.2519.
• Pencova, Elka. "À propos du Dionysos thrace". In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 20, n°2, 1994. pp. 151–154. doi:10.3406/dha.1994.2183.
• Verhelst, Berenice. "As Multiform as Dionysus: New Perspectives on Nonnus’ Dionysiaca". In: L'antiquité classique, Tome 82, 2013. pp. 267–278. doi:10.3406/antiq.2013.3840.

外部链接

• 研究古希腊众神专网中关于扎格柔斯的条目 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）