拿破仑·沙尼翁
（重定向自拿破崙·夏儂）
拿破仑·沙尼翁（Napoleon Alphonseau Chagnon，发音： /ˈʃæɡnən/ SHAG-nən，1938年8月27日—2019年9月21日）[1]生于美国密歇根州奥斯丁港，美国人类学家。
生平 编辑
沙尼翁生于密歇根州的奥斯丁港，在家中十二个兄弟姊妹当中排行老二。[2]他就读密歇根大学，1961年获学士学位，1963年获硕士学位，1966 年在怀特的指导下，取得博士学位。[3]
沙尼翁因着有1968年出版的民族志《亚诺玛米人：残暴的人群》（Yanomamö: The Fierce People）而出名。这本书出版超过五版，经常用在大学部的人类学导论课程的文本，成为长销不坠的人类学文本。沙尼翁也是视觉人类学领域的先驱。他与民族志电影导演蒂姆·阿施（Tim Asch）长期合作，并产生了一系列记录亚诺玛米人生活的二十多部民族志影片。
沙尼翁最广为人知的是他在亚诺玛米人中长期进行的民族志田野工作，他对于文化人类学的进化论以及战争的研究有所贡献。亚诺玛米人是生活在委内瑞拉和巴西边境地区的一个美洲原住民群体。[4]
沙尼翁的主要研究工作是在委内瑞拉的Siapa河及Mavaca河的河源地区，他从1960年代中期就在这些人当中进行田野工作，直到1990年代后半期为止。因为亚诺玛米人无法正确发出他的姓氏，他们给他取个绰号叫“沙奇”，这是他们所能发出的最接近发音，这似乎也是适当的，因为沙尼翁（Chagnon）不断地问这问那，“沙奇”的意思是“讨厌的蜜蜂”。他的研究焦点是收集他所造访的村落的系谱，他从这些分析人们的亲属关联性、婚姻模式、合作，以及聚落模式历史。他运用这个系谱研究法进行调查，以此为基础，成为社会生物学和人类行为生态学领域的先驱者之一。
沙尼翁在美国密苏里大学担任人类学教授。2000年，帕特里克·蒂尔尼（Patrick Tierney）写了一本书《黄金国的黑暗面》（Darkness in El Dorado），指责沙尼翁加剧了居住在亚马孙河流域的亚诺玛米人（Yanomamo）的麻疹疫情，而且在不顾当地人福祉的情况下进行人体研究等等。《纽约时报》的一位评论员在《纽约时报杂志》的人物特写报导中，将蒂尔尼的指控当成事实，将沙尼翁称为美国“最具争议的”人类学家。此事发生在沙尼翁当时的最新作品、科学回忆录《高贵的野蛮人：我在两个危险部族——亚诺玛米人和人类学家——之间的生活》（Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes—the Yanomamö and the Anthropologists）出版之前。这些指控毁灭了他的职业生涯，并迫使他提前退休。[2]
作品 编辑
博士论文 编辑
- Chagnon, Napoleon A, Yanomamö Warfare, Social Organization and Marriage Alliances (unpublished PhD dissertation), Ann Arbor, MI: Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 1966
专书 编辑
- Chagnon, Napoleon A, Yanomamö: The Fierce People, 1968.
- ———, Studying the Yanomamö, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1974.
- ———, Yanomamo – The Last Days of Eden, 1992.
- ———; Cronk, Lee; Irons, William, Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, 2002.
- ———, Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes – The Yanomamö and the Anthropologists, 2013.
专书章节 编辑
- Chagnon, Napoleon A, Yanomamö social organization and aggression, FRIED, M (编), War; the Anthropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression, New York: Garden City, 1986
- ———, Chronic Problems in Understanding Tribal Violence and Warfare, Willey & Chichester (编), Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior, Ciba Foundation Symposium, 1995
- ———, Tribal social organization and genetic microdifferentiation, HARRISON, A; BOYCE, A (编), Structure of human populations, Oxford, 1972
- ———, Daily life among the Yanomamo, ROMNEY, AK; DEVORE, PL (编), You and others, Cambridge, 1973
- ———, Yanomamo social organization and warfare, FRIED, M (编), Explorations in Anthropology, New York: Crowell, 1973
- ———, The culture-ecology of shifting (pioneering) cultivation among the Yanomamo Indians, GROSS, DR (编), International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, New York: Garden City, 1973
- ———, Yanomamo – the fierce people, GOULD, R (编), Man's many ways, New York: Harper & Row, 1977
- ———, Yanomamo warfare, COPPENHAVER, D (编), Anthropology full circle, New York: Prager, 1977
- ———, Is Reproductive Success Equal in Egalitarian Societies?, CHAGNON, N; IRONS, W (编), Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior, North Scituate: Duxbury, 1979
- ———, Mate Competition, Favoring Close kin, and Village Fissioning Among the Yanomamö Indians, CHAGNON, N; IRONS, W (编), Evolutionary biology and human social behavior, North Scituate: Duxbury, 1979
- ———, Anthropology and the Nature of Things, WIEGELE, T (编), Biology and the Social Sciences, Boulder: Westview, 1982
- ———, Sociodemographic Attributes of Nepotism in Tribal Populations: Man the Rule-Breaker, GROUP, KSCS (编), Current problems in sociobiology, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982
- ———; Ayers, M; Neel, JV; Weitkamp, L; Gershowitz, H, The influence of cultural factors on the demography and pattern of gene flow from the Makiritare to the Yanomama indians, HULSE, FS (编), Man and nature: studies in the evolution of the human species, New York: Random House, 1975
- ———; Bugos, PE, Kin selection and conflict: an analysis of a Yanomamö ax fight, CHAGNON, Napoleon A; IRONS, W (编), Evolutionary biology and human social behavior, North Scituate: Duxbury Press, 1979
- ———; Flinn, MV; Melancon, TF, Sex-ratio variation among the Yanomamö Indians, CHAGNON, Napoleon; IRONS, W (编), Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior, North Scituate: Duxbury Press, 1979
期刊文章 编辑
- Chagnon, Napoleon A, Yanomamo – the fierce people, Natural History LXXVII, 1967a, LXXVII: 22–31
- ———, Yanomamö Social Organization and Warfare, Natural History LXXVI, 1967b, LXXVI: 44–48
- ———, The Culture-Ecology of Shifting (Pioneering) Cultivation Among The Yanomamö Indians, International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences 3, 1968a, 3: 249–55
- ———, The feast, Natural History LXXVII, 1968b, LXXVII: 34–41
- ———, Ecological and Adaptive Aspects of California Shell Money, Annual Report of the UCLA Archaeological Survey 12, 1970, 12: 1–25
- ———, The culture-ecology of shifting (pioneering) cultivation among the Yanomamo Indians, GROSS, DR (编), International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, New York: Garden City, 1973
- ———, Genealogy, Solidarity and Relatedness: Limits to Local Group Size and Patterns of Fissioning in an Expanding Population, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 19, 1975, 19: 95–110
- ———, Yanomamo, the true people, National Geographic Magazine 150, 1976, 150: 210–23
- ———, Highland New Guinea models in the South American lowlands, Working papers on South American Indians 2, 1980, 2: 111–30
- ———, Doing fieldwork among the Yanomamo, Contemporary Anthropology, 1981: 11–24
- ———, Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population, Science 239, 1988, 239: 985–92
- ———, Yanomamö survival, Science 244, 1989, 244: 11
- ———, On Yanomamö violence: reply to Albert, Current Anthropology 31, 1990, 31: 49–53
- ———; Ayres, M; Neel, JV; Weitkamp, L; Gershowitz, H, The influence of cultural factors on the demography and pattern of gene flow from the Makiritare to the Yanomama indians, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 32, 1970, 32: 339–49
- ———; Hames, RB, Protein Deficiency and Tribal Warfare in Amazonia: New Data, Science 203, 1979, 203: 910–13
- ———; Le Quesne, P; Cook, JM, Yanomamö Hallucinogens: Anthropological, Botanical, and Chemical Findings, Current Anthropology 12, 1971, 12: 72–74
- ———; Margolies, L; Gasparini, G; Hames, RB, Parentesco, demografia, patrones de inversion de los padres y el uso social del espacio arquitectonico entre los Shamatari-Yanomamo del TF Amazonas: informe preliminar, Boletin Indigenista Venezolano 21 (VZ), 1982–83, 21: 171–225 （西班牙语）
电影 编辑
- The Yanomamo Series, in collaboration with Tim Asch, includes 22 separate films on the Yanomamo culture, such as:
- The Ax Fight (1975)
- Children's Magical Death (1974)
- Magical Death (1988)
- A Man Called Bee: A Study of the Yanomamo (1974)
- Yanomamo Of the Orinoco (1987)
- Yanomamo Filmography list, University of California, Santa Barbara
参考文献 编辑
- ^ 虽然他的姓Chagnon依据法语发音可译为“沙尼翁”，但他使用美国式的发音。台湾译本多依据此一理由译为夏侬。
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Eakin, Emily. How Napoleon Chagnon Became Our Most Controversial Anthropologist. New York Times. 13 February 2013 [19 February 2013]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-09）.
- ^ Napoleon Chagnon, '61, MA'63, PhD'66. Alumni Authors Series. Alumni Association of the University of Michigan. [20 February 2013].[永久失效链接]
- ^ Silva, Stacey. Meeting The Fierce People (PDF). The Daily Nexus. 1988-01-20 [2008-10-23]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-10-31）.
- Ritchie, Mark Andrew. "Pulling His Eye Down", Spirit of the Rainforest, Island Lake Press, Chicago, 1996.
- McGee, Jon R. & Warms, Richard L. "Anthropological Theory: An Introductory History", Texas State University, San Marcos, 2008. ISBN 0-07-340522-1
外部链接 编辑
- Official faculty website at UCSB
- Silva, Stacey. "Meeting The Fierce People" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Daily Nexus, 20 January 1988.
- D'Antonio, Michael. "Napoleon Chagnon's War of Discovery" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, LA Times Magazine, 30 January 2000.
- Grossman, Andrew. "Napoleon Chagnon's Waterloo", The Dartmouth Review, 30 October 2000.
- Wallace, Scott. "Napoleon in Exile", National Geographic Adventure Magazine, April 2002.
- Emily Eakin, "How Napoleon Chagnon became our most Controversial Anthropologist" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, New York Times, 13 February 2013.