波斯语拉丁化

波斯语拉丁化或波斯语罗马化（英语：Latinization of Persian 或Romanization of Persian；波斯语：لاتین‌نویسی فارسی‎，罗马化：Lātinnevisiye fārsi, 发音：[lɒːtiːn.neviːˌsije fɒːɹˈsiː]），是波斯语的拉丁化呈现。波斯语存在几种不同的拉丁化方案；每个方案都有自己的一套规则、由其所要表现的意识形态目标而决定其拉丁化之方案。目前似乎是UN(2012)是比较能够众所接受的拉丁化方案；其特色是/z/字母统合四个波斯传统字母（ذ、ز、ض、ظ）、/s/字母统合三个传统波斯字母（ث、س、ص）、/q/字母则统合二个波斯传统语音字母（غ、ق），而四个声门塞音字母（ا、ء、ؤ、ئ）除用在字词中（'/ъ）保留外、在字首及字尾则经常省略；浊咽擦音（ع）亦经常省略；而清齿龈塞音（ة）即字母/ت/的变形方式、依据字词使用方式也常省略之。^[1]^[2]除元音是采用整合对应方式外，其余拉丁字母的辅音和传统的波斯语字母、UN(2012)则是采用一对一的对应转换方式。^[1]^[2]

主要的拉丁化方案

DMG (1969),德国东方学会（英语：Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft）严格的科学系统。它符合德国标准化学会的标准DIN 31635（英语：DIN 31635）。^[3]
ALA-LC (1997)，ALA-LC拉丁化（英语：ALA-LC romanization）.^[4]
BGN/PCGN (1958)，BGN/PCGN罗马化系统.^[5]
EI (1960)，在伊朗百科全书早先版本的系统所使用。^[3]
EI (2012)，波斯语当代修改方式。^[6]
UN (1967)，伊朗国家系统(1966)，于1967年由联合国地名专家组（英语：United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names）所核可。^[1]^[7]
UN (2012)，波斯语当代修改方式。^[1]^[2]

各方案比较表

辅音表

辅音
Unicode	字母	IPA	DMG (1969)	ALA-LC (1997)	BGN/PCGN (1958)	EI (1960)	EI (2012)	UN (1967)	UN (2012)	发音
U+0627	ا‎	ʔ, ∅^[a]	ʾ, —^[b]	ʼ, —^[b]				ʾ		_____
U+0628	ب‎	b	b							如英语单词Bob的b
U+067E	پ‎	p	p							如英语单词pet的p
U+062A	ت‎	t	t							如英语单词tall的t
U+062B	ث‎	s	s̱	s̱	s̄	t͟h	ṯ	s̄	s	如英语单词sand的s
U+062C	ج‎	dʒ	ǧ	j	j	d͟j	j	j		如英语单词jam的j
U+0686	چ‎	tʃ	č	ch	ch	č	č	ch	č	如英语单词Charlie的ch
U+062D	ح‎	h	ḥ	ḥ	ḩ/ḥ^[c]	ḥ	ḥ	ḩ	h	如英语单词holiday的h
U+062E	خ‎	x	ḫ	kh	kh	k͟h	ḵ	kh	x	____
U+062F	د‎	d	d							如英语单词Dave的d
U+0630	ذ‎	z	ẕ	ẕ	z̄	d͟h	ḏ	z̄	z	如英语单词zero的z
U+0631	ر‎	r	r							如英语单词Rabbit的r
U+0632	ز‎	z	z							如英语单词zero的z
U+0698	ژ‎	ʒ	ž	zh	zh	z͟h	ž	zh	ž	如英语单词televison的s或Genre的G
U+0633	س‎	s	s							如英语单词Sam的s
U+0634	ش‎	ʃ	š	sh	sh	s͟h	š	sh	š	如英语单词sheep的sh
U+0635	ص‎	s	ṣ	ṣ	ş/ṣ^[c]	ṣ	ṣ	ş	s	如英语单词Sam的s
U+0636	ض‎	z	ż	z̤	ẕ	ḍ	ż	ẕ	z	如英语单词zero的z
U+0637	ط‎	t	ṭ	ṭ	ţ/ṭ^[c]	ṭ	ṭ	ţ	t	如英语单词tank的t
U+0638	ظ‎	z	ẓ	ẓ	z̧/ẓ^[c]	ẓ	ẓ	z̧	z	如英语单词zero的z
U+0639	ع‎	∅	ʿ	ʻ	ʼ^[b]	ʻ	ʻ	ʿ	ʿ	如英语单词Uh-Oh的停顿
U+063A	غ‎	ɢ~ɣ	ġ	gh	gh	g͟h	ḡ	gh	q	如法语R
U+0641	ف‎	f	f							如英语单词Fred的f
U+0642	ق‎	ɢ~ɣ	q			ḳ	ḳ	q		如法语R
U+06A9	ک‎	k	k							如英语单词card的c
U+06AF	گ‎	ɡ	g							如英语单词go的g
U+0644	ل‎	l	l							如英语单词lamp的l
U+0645	م‎	m	m							如英语单词Michael的m
U+0646	ن‎	n	n							如英语单词name的n
U+0648	و‎	v~w^[a]^[d]	v				v, w^[e]	v		如英语单词vision的v
U+0647	ه‎	h^[a]	h	h	h^[f]	h	h	h^[f]	h^[f]	如英语单词hot的h
U+0629	ة‎	∅, t	—	h^[g]	—	t^[h]	h^[g]	—	—
U+06CC	ی‎	j^[a]	y							如英语单词Yale的y
U+0621	ء‎	ʔ, ∅	ʾ	ʼ				ʾ
U+0624	ؤ‎	ʔ, ∅	ʾ	ʼ				ʾ
U+0626	ئ‎	ʔ, ∅	ʾ	ʼ				ʾ

元音表

元音^[i]
Unicode	尾	中	前	独立	IPA	DMG (1969)	ALA-LC (1997)	BGN/PCGN (1958)	EI (2012)	UN (1967)	UN (2012)	发音
U+064E	◌َ‎	◌َ‎	اَ‎	◌َ‎	/æ̞/	a	a	a	a	a	a	如英语单词cat的a
U+064F	◌ُ‎	◌ُ‎	اُ‎	◌ُ‎	o	o	o	o	u	o	o	如英语单词go的o
U+0648 U+064F	◌ﻮَ‎	◌ﻮَ‎	—	◌وَ‎	o^[j]	o	o	o	u	o	o	如英语单词go的o
U+0650	◌ِ‎	◌ِ‎	اِ‎	◌ِ‎	e	e	i	e	e	e	e	如英语单词ten的e
U+064E U+0627	◌َا‎	◌َا‎	آ‎	◌َا‎	ɑː~ɒː	ā	ā	ā	ā	ā	ā	如英语单词hot的o
U+0622	◌ﺂ‎	◌ﺂ‎	آ‎	◌آ‎	ɑː~ɒː	ā, ʾā^[k]	ā, ʼā^[k]	ā	ā	ā	ā	如英语单词hot的o
U+064E U+06CC	◌َﯽ‎	—	—	◌َی‎	ɑː~ɒː	ā	á	á	ā	á	ā	如英语单词hot的o
U+06CC U+0670	◌ﯽٰ‎	—	—	◌یٰ‎	ɑː~ɒː	ā	á	á	ā	ā	ā	如英语单词hot的o
U+064F U+0648	◌ُﻮ‎	◌ُﻮ‎	اُو‎	◌ُو‎	uː, oː^[e]	ū	ū	ū	u, ō^[e]	ū	u	如英语单词actual的u
U+0650 U+06CC	◌ِﯽ‎	◌ِﯿ‎	اِﯾ‎	◌ِی‎	iː, eː^[e]	ī	ī	ī	i, ē^[e]	ī	i	如英语单词happy的y
U+064E U+0648	◌َﻮ‎	◌َﻮ‎	اَو‎	◌َو‎	ow~aw^[e]	au	aw	ow	ow, aw^[e]	ow	ow	如英语单词go的o
U+064E U+06CC	◌َﯽ‎	◌َﯿ‎	اَﯾ‎	◌َی‎	ej~aj^[e]	ai	ay	ey	ey, ay^[e]	ey	ey	如英语单词play的ay
U+064E U+06CC	◌ﯽ‎	—	—	◌ی‎	–e, –je	–e, –ye	–i, –yi	–e, –ye	–e, –ye	–e, –ye	–e, –ye	如英语单词yes的ye
U+06C0	◌ﮥ‎	—	—	◌ﮤ‎	–je	–ye	–ʼi	–ye	–ye	–ye	–ye	如英语单词yes的ye

其他拉丁化方案

巴哈伊正字法

巴哈伊信仰的文本使用标准正字法系统将波斯语和阿拉伯语字母罗马化。巴哈伊文献中使用的系统设定于 1923 年，虽然它是基于当时通用的标准，但它有自己的修改，使其独一无二。主要有：通过下划线组合字母，如s͟h(š)；阿拉伯语定冠词“al-”在太阳字母后要体现al-ʼidg͟hám（并入的读法原则），如ar-Raḥím,aṣ-Ṣaddíq(al-Raḥím,al-Ṣaddíq)。他还使用了一些体现伊朗波斯语语音特点的拼法，如用“v”代“w”；部分拼法体现了伊斯法罕口音特征，如Mihdí(Mahdí)。然而在网络交流和个别正式书写中，下划线、下标点、乃至尖音符会被省略。

守基·阿芬迪 (Shoghi Effendi) ，是巴哈伊教第一代圣护，1921 年至 1957 年间的宗教领袖，创建了巴哈伊正字法系统，并在 1923 年通过几封信与世界各地的巴哈伊教徒分享了常用术语示例列表^[8] 对标准化音译的明确需求是“避免未来的混乱，并确保在这个问题上的一致性，这是目前所有巴哈伊文献中非常需要的”。 ^[9]根据该标准，最常见的术语是“Bahá´í”、“Bahá´ís”、“Báb”、“Bahá´u'lláh”和“Abdu'l-Bahá”，使用重音符号来区分长元音，并升高转向与凸起逗号分别区分ayin和海姆宰, ^[l] 。 ^[10]

自从巴哈伊采用了他们的系统以来，中东学者以各种方式修改了 1894 年采用的标准学术系统，并创建了一个独立的、相关的波斯语书写系统（主要变化是使用 e 和 o）。然而，巴哈伊系统现在已被用来以多种语言印刷数以千计的书籍和小册子，因此对其进行修改会造成混乱，并迫使作者使用两种不同的拼写系统（一种用于精确引用的段落，另一种用于其余的内容）。文本）。

塔吉克语拉丁字母

前伊斯兰时期

在前伊斯兰时期，古波斯语和中古波斯语使用了各种字母之文字架构，包括古波斯楔形文字、巴列维文字和阿维斯坦字母（英语：Avestan alphabet）。每个时期都有著名的语言学家来建立转录及记音等之体系。^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

IPA	古波斯语^[i]^[ii]	中古波斯语 (巴列维)^[i]	阿维斯坦（英语：Avestan alphabet）^[i]
辅音
p	p
f	f
b	b
β~ʋ~w	—	β	β/w
t	t		t, t̰
θ	θ/ϑ
d	d
ð	—	(δ)	δ
θr	ç/ϑʳ	θʳ/ϑʳ
s	s
z	z
ʃ	š		š, š́, ṣ̌
ʒ	ž
c~tʃ	c/č
ɟ~dʒ	j/ǰ
k	k
x	x		x, x́
xʷ	xʷ/xᵛ
g	g		g, ġ
ɣ	ɣ/γ
h	h
m	m		m, m̨
ŋ	—		ŋ, ŋʷ
ŋʲ	—		ŋ́
n	n		n, ń, ṇ
r	r
l	l
w~ʋ~v	v	w	v
j	y		y, ẏ
元音
短
a	a
ã	—		ą, ą̇
ə	—		ə
e	—	(e)	e
i	i
o	—	(o)	o
u	u
长
aː	ā
ɑː~ɒː	—		å/ā̊
ə	—		ə̄
əː	—	ē
iː	ī
oː	—	ō
uː	ū

注记:

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Slash signifies equal variants.
^
There exist some differences in transcription of Old Persian preferred by different scholars:
- ā = â
- ī, ū = i, u
- x = kh, ḵ, ḥ, ḫ
- c/č = ǩ
- j/ǰ = ǧ
- θ = ϑ, þ, th, ṯ, ṭ
- ç = tr, θʳ, ϑʳ, ṙ, s͜s, s̀
- f = p̱
- y, v = j, w.

哈菲兹的诗作

拉丁化示例 (哈菲兹的诗)

Yusef-e gomgašte bāz āyad be kan'ān qam maxor
kolbe-ye ahzān šavad ruzi golestān qam maxor

یوسف گم گشته باز آید به کنعان غم مخور
کلبه ی احزان شود روزی گلستان غم مخور

The lost Joseph will get back to Canaan don't be sad
The hut of madness will become a garden one day, don't be sad

注解

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Used as a vowel as well.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Hamza and ayn are not transliterated at the beginning of words.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 The dot below may be used instead of cedilla.
^ At the beginning of words the combination ⟨خو‎⟩ was pronounced /xw/ or /xʷ/ in Classical Persian. In modern varieties the glide /ʷ/ has been lost, though the spelling has not been changed. It may be still heard in Dari as a relict pronunciation. The combination /xʷa/ was changed to /xo/ (see below).
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 In Dari.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Not transliterated at the end of words.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 In the combination ⟨یة‎⟩ at the end of words.
^ When used instead of ⟨ت‎⟩ at the end of words.
^ Diacritical signs (harakat) are rarely written.
^ After ⟨خ‎⟩ from the earlier /xʷa/. Often transliterated as xwa or xva. For example, خور‎ /xor/ "sun" was /xʷar/ in Classical Persian.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 After vowels.
^ /ʕ/ (listen) vs /ʔ/ (listen)

注释

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Persian (PDF). UNGEGN. [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-10-02）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 New Persian Romanization System. E/CONF.101/118/Rev.1* （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Tenth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. New York, 31 July – 9 August 2012.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Pedersen, Thomas T. Persian (Farsi) (PDF). Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts. [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-10）.
^ Persian (PDF). The Library of Congress. [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-25）.
^ Romanization system for Persian (Dari and Farsi). BGN/PCGN 1958 System (PDF). [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-15）.
^ Transliteration. Encyclopædia Iranica. [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-26）.
^ Toponymic Guidelines for map and other editors – Revised edition 1998. Working Paper No. 41 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran. UNGEGN, 20th session. New York, 17–28 January 2000.
^ See letters of 12 March 1923, 9 April 1923, and 26 November 1923, published in Effendi 1974.
^ Effendi 1974，第43页.
^ The apostrophe and the two apostrophe-like letters are distinguished in the name ʻAbdu'l-Baháʼ. All three are typically ignored when speaking in English, but reflect different pronunciations in Arabic and Persian (Winters 2002).
^ Bartholomae, Christian. Altiranisches Wörterbuch. Strassburg. 1904: XXIII.
^ Kent, Roland G. Old Persian. New Heaven, Connecticut. 1950: 12–13.
^ MacKenzie, D. N. Transcription. A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. London. 1971 [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-19）.
^ Hoffmann, Karl; Forssman, Bernhard. Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre. Innsbruck. 1996: 41–44. ISBN 3-85124-652-7.

参阅

外部链接

Comparison of DMG, UN, ALA-LC, BGN/PCGN, EI, ISO 233-3 transliterations （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Iranian Committee on the Standardization of Geographical Names (ICSGN) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[equal-27] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Slash signifies equal variants.

[var-28] There exist some differences in transcription of Old Persian preferred by different scholars:
ā = â

ī, ū = i, u

x = kh, ḵ, ḥ, ḫ

c/č = ǩ

j/ǰ = ǧ

θ = ϑ, þ, th, ṯ, ṭ

ç = tr, θʳ, ϑʳ, ṙ, s͜s, s̀

f = p̱

y, v = j, w.

[3] ā = â

[4] ī, ū = i, u

[5] x = kh, ḵ, ḥ, ḫ

[6] c/č = ǩ

[7] j/ǰ = ǧ

[8] θ = ϑ, þ, th, ṯ, ṭ

[9] ç = tr, θʳ, ϑʳ, ṙ, s͜s, s̀

[10] = p̱

[11] y, v = j, w.

[vowel-8] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Used as a vowel as well.

[hamza-ayn-9] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Hamza and ayn are not transliterated at the beginning of words.

[dot-10] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 The dot below may be used instead of cedilla.

[xw-11] At the beginning of words the combination ⟨خو‎⟩ was pronounced /xw/ or /xʷ/ in Classical Persian. In modern varieties the glide /ʷ/ has been lost, though the spelling has not been changed. It may be still heard in Dari as a relict pronunciation. The combination /xʷa/ was changed to /xo/ (see below).

[Dari-12] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 In Dari.

[h-final-13] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Not transliterated at the end of words.

[yh-14] 7.0 ^7.1 In the combination ⟨یة‎⟩ at the end of words.

[marbuta-15] When used instead of ⟨ت‎⟩ at the end of words.

[diacritics-16] Diacritical signs (harakat) are rarely written.

[wo-17] After ⟨خ‎⟩ from the earlier /xʷa/. Often transliterated as xwa or xva. For example, خور‎ /xor/ "sun" was /xʷar/ in Classical Persian.

[aa-18] 11.0 ^11.1 After vowels.

[21] /ʕ/ (listen^ⓘ) vs /ʔ/ (listen^ⓘ)

[UNGEGN-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Persian (PDF). UNGEGN. [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-10-02）.

[UN2012-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 New Persian Romanization System. E/CONF.101/118/Rev.1* （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Tenth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. New York, 31 July – 9 August 2012.

[eki-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Pedersen, Thomas T. Persian (Farsi) (PDF). Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts. [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-10）.

[ALA-LC-4] Persian (PDF). The Library of Congress. [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-25）.

[BGN-PCGN-5] Romanization system for Persian (Dari and Farsi). BGN/PCGN 1958 System (PDF). [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-15）.

[EI-6] Transliteration. Encyclopædia Iranica. [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-26）.

[UN1998-7] Toponymic Guidelines for map and other editors – Revised edition 1998. Working Paper No. 41 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran. UNGEGN, 20th session. New York, 17–28 January 2000.

[19] See letters of 12 March 1923, 9 April 1923, and 26 November 1923, published in Effendi 1974.

[FOOTNOTEEffendi197443-20] Effendi 1974，第43页.

[22] The apostrophe and the two apostrophe-like letters are distinguished in the name ʻAbdu'l-Baháʼ. All three are typically ignored when speaking in English, but reflect different pronunciations in Arabic and Persian (Winters 2002).

[Bartholomae-23] Bartholomae, Christian. Altiranisches Wörterbuch. Strassburg. 1904: XXIII.

[Kent-24] Kent, Roland G. Old Persian. New Heaven, Connecticut. 1950: 12–13.

[MacKenzie-25] MacKenzie, D. N. Transcription. A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. London. 1971 [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-19）.

[Hoffmann-26] Hoffmann, Karl; Forssman, Bernhard. Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre. Innsbruck. 1996: 41–44. ISBN 3-85124-652-7.

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