演化语言学

演化语言学或达尔文语言学是一种社会生物学取径的语言学研究^[1]^[2]。演化语言学家认为语言学演化生物学和演化心理学的次领域。这种研究取径也与演化人类学、认知语言学和生物语言学有所关连。演化语言学将语言视为先天的产物，主要关注于语言的生物性起源和语言的发展^[3]。演化语言学与人文主义取径相对，特别是结构语言学^[4]。

该学科较大的一项挑战是其缺乏实证资料：早期人类语言并无任何考古学证据。计算系统生物学与人工语言的临床研究常用来填补这一部分的知识空缺。虽然一般认为是生物学形塑了大脑对于语言的处理，目前却无法找到生物学与特定的语言结构或语言的普遍性的明确连结^[5]。

该领域一直缺乏突破性发展，随之而来的是许多针的语言的自然本质的讨论。有些人认为可将其视为一种器官^[6]或是有机体^[7]。有些人认为语言可视为一种晶体^[8]或非晶体式的矿物结构^[9]，一种基因突变^[10]，一种生物本能^[11]，一种寄生虫^[12]一种复制器的群体^[3]；甚或是一种心智病毒。然而目前没有任何科学证据可以证实上述说法，有些看法亦被视为伪科学^[13]^[14]。

参见

参考资料

^ Gontier, Nathalie. Selectionist Approaches in Evolutionary Linguistics: An Epistemological Analysis. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science. 2012-03, 26 (1) [2022-10-13]. ISSN 0269-8595. doi:10.1080/02698595.2012.653114. （原始内容存档于2021-05-25）（英语）.
^ McMahon, April; McMahon, Robert. Evolutionary Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0521891394.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Croft, William. Evolutionary Linguistics. Annual Review of Anthropology. 2008-10-01, 37 (1) [2022-10-13]. ISSN 0084-6570. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156. （原始内容存档于2022-06-10）（英语）.
^ Croft, William. Functional-typological theory in its historical and intellectual context. STUF - Language Typology and Universals. 1993-01, 46 (1-4) [2022-10-13]. ISSN 2196-7148. doi:10.1524/stuf.1993.46.14.15. （原始内容存档于2022-10-13）.
^ Gibson, Kathleen R.; Tallerman, Maggie (编). The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution. Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 9780199541119.
^ Anderson, Stephen R.; Lightfoot, David W. The Language Organ: Linguistics as Cognitive Psychology. Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 9780521007832.
^ van Driem, George. The language organism: the Leiden theory of language evolution. Minett, James W.; Wang, William S.-Y. (编). Language Acquisition, Change and Emergence: Essays in Evolutionary Linguistics. 2005: 331–340.
^ Chomsky, Noam. The Minimalist Program. 20th Anniversary Edition.. MIT Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-262-52734-7.
^ Bybee, Joan L.; Beckner, Clay. Usage-Based theory. Heine, Bernd; Narrog, Heiko (编). The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis. Oxford University Press. 2015: 953–980. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199544004.013.0032.
^ Berwick, Robert C.; Chomsky, Noam. Why Only Us: Language and Evolution. MIT Press. 2015. ISBN 9780262034241.
^ Pinker, Steven. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language (PDF). Penguin Books. 1994 [2020-03-03]. ISBN 9780140175295. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-11-26）.
^ Hung, Tzu-wei. How Did Language Evolve? Some Reflections on the Language Parasite Debate. Biological Theory. 2019-12, 14 (4). ISSN 1555-5542. doi:10.1007/s13752-019-00321-x （英语）.
^ Schwarz-Friesel, Monika. On the status of external evidence in the theories of cognitive linguistics: compatibility problems or signs of stagnation in the field? Or: why do some linguists behave like Fodor’s input systems?. Language Sciences. Converging data sources in cognitive linguistics. 2012-11-01, 34 (6). ISSN 0388-0001. doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2012.04.007 （英语）.
^ Polichak, James W. Memes as pseudoscience. Shermer, Michael (编). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, Vol. 1. ABC Clio. 2002: 664–667. ISBN 1-57607-653-9.

延伸阅读

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外部链接

Agent-Based Models of Language Evolution （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
ARTI Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Computerized comparative linguistics （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Fluid Construction Grammar （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Language Evolution and Computation Bibliography
Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit, University of Edinburgh

[Gontier_2012-1] Gontier, Nathalie. Selectionist Approaches in Evolutionary Linguistics: An Epistemological Analysis. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science. 2012-03, 26 (1) [2022-10-13]. ISSN 0269-8595. doi:10.1080/02698595.2012.653114. （原始内容存档于2021-05-25）（英语）.

[McMahon&McMahon_2012-2] McMahon, April; McMahon, Robert. Evolutionary Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0521891394.

[Croft_2008-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Croft, William. Evolutionary Linguistics. Annual Review of Anthropology. 2008-10-01, 37 (1) [2022-10-13]. ISSN 0084-6570. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156. （原始内容存档于2022-06-10）（英语）.

[Croft_1993-4] Croft, William. Functional-typological theory in its historical and intellectual context. STUF - Language Typology and Universals. 1993-01, 46 (1-4) [2022-10-13]. ISSN 2196-7148. doi:10.1524/stuf.1993.46.14.15. （原始内容存档于2022-10-13）.

[Gibson&Tallerman_2011-5] Gibson, Kathleen R.; Tallerman, Maggie (编). The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution. Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 9780199541119.

[Anderson&Lightfoot_2002-6] Anderson, Stephen R.; Lightfoot, David W. The Language Organ: Linguistics as Cognitive Psychology. Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 9780521007832.

[VanDriem_2005-7] van Driem, George. The language organism: the Leiden theory of language evolution. Minett, James W.; Wang, William S.-Y. (编). Language Acquisition, Change and Emergence: Essays in Evolutionary Linguistics. 2005: 331–340.

[Chomsky_2015-8] Chomsky, Noam. The Minimalist Program. 20th Anniversary Edition.. MIT Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-262-52734-7.

[Bybee&Beckner_2015-9] Bybee, Joan L.; Beckner, Clay. Usage-Based theory. Heine, Bernd; Narrog, Heiko (编). The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis. Oxford University Press. 2015: 953–980. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199544004.013.0032.

[Berwick&Chomsky_2015-10] Berwick, Robert C.; Chomsky, Noam. Why Only Us: Language and Evolution. MIT Press. 2015. ISBN 9780262034241.

[Pinker_1994-11] Pinker, Steven. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language (PDF). Penguin Books. 1994 [2020-03-03]. ISBN 9780140175295. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-11-26）.

[Hung_2019-12] Hung, Tzu-wei. How Did Language Evolve? Some Reflections on the Language Parasite Debate. Biological Theory. 2019-12, 14 (4). ISSN 1555-5542. doi:10.1007/s13752-019-00321-x （英语）.

[Schwarz-Friesel_2012-13] Schwarz-Friesel, Monika. On the status of external evidence in the theories of cognitive linguistics: compatibility problems or signs of stagnation in the field? Or: why do some linguists behave like Fodor’s input systems?. Language Sciences. Converging data sources in cognitive linguistics. 2012-11-01, 34 (6). ISSN 0388-0001. doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2012.04.007 （英语）.

[Polichak_2002-14] Polichak, James W. Memes as pseudoscience. Shermer, Michael (编). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, Vol. 1. ABC Clio. 2002: 664–667. ISBN 1-57607-653-9.

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