白垩尖吻鲨

白垩尖吻鲨; 化石时期：阿尔布期-坎帕期 107.59–73.2 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	白垩尖吻鲨（Cretoxyrhina mantelli）牙齿化石
保护状况
	无效状况
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	软骨鱼纲 Chondrichthyes
亚类：	鲨总目 Selachimorpha
目：	鼠鲨目 Lamniformes
科：	†白垩刺甲鲨科 Cretoxyrhinidae
属：	†白垩刺甲鲨属 Cretoxyrhina; Glückman, 1958
模式种
	†Cretoxyrhina mantelli; Agassiz, 1843
种
	†曼氏白垩尖吻鲨 C. mantelli ; Agassiz, 1843 (模式种); †粗齿白垩尖吻鲨 C. denticulata Glückman, 1957; †韦拉科白垩尖吻鲨 C. vraconensis Zhelezko, 2000; †阿格西白垩尖吻鲨 C. agassizensis Underwood & Cumbaa, 2010;
异名
	异名列表角鲨属 Squalus Squalus mustelus Mantell, 1822; Squalus zygaena Mantell, 1822; Squalus acaule Nilsson, 1827; ; 鼠鲨属 Lamna Lamna mantellii Agassiz, 1835; Lamna acuminata Agassiz, 1838; Lamna cornubica Schimdt, 1846; Lamna petricoriensis Coquand, 1860; Lamna (Sphenodus) longidens Agassiz, 1876; ; Oxyrhina Oxyrhina mantellii Agassiz, 1838; Oxyrhina subinflata Agassiz, 1876; Oxyrhina extenta Leidy, 1873; ; 耳齿鲨属 Otodus Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz, 1838; Otodus oxyrhinoides Sauvage, 1872; ; 鲭鲨属 Isurus Isurus mantelli Agassiz, 1843; Isurus denticulatus Glückman, 1957; ; Pseudoisurus Pseudoisurus mantelli Zhelezko, 2000; Pseudoisurus vraconensis Zhelezko, 2000; ; Telodontaspis Telodontaspis agassizensis Underwood & Cumbaa, 2010; ; ; ;

白垩尖吻鲨（学名：Cretoxyrhina），旧译白垩刺甲鲨、金厨鲨，是生存于白垩纪的一种大型史前鲨鱼。

发现历史

白垩尖吻鲨是由路易士·阿格西（Louis Agassiz）于1843年命名。后来查尔斯·斯腾伯格（Charles H. Sternberg）于1890年在美国肯萨斯州发现了一个最为完整的标本。这套标本包含了差不多完整的脊椎及超过250颗牙齿，估计长度达20呎。查尔斯将之命名为Oxyrhina mantelli^[7]。

近年发现了更多白垩尖吻鲨的标本。其中一个是于1891年由乔治·史登柏格（George Sternberg）所发现，并存放在慕尼黑博物馆。这个标本估计也有20呎长，但因二次大战轰炸而遭受破坏^[7]。

特征

白垩刺甲鲨的牙齿。

白垩尖吻鲨可以长达7.5米-9米，比现今的大白鲨还要大。白垩尖吻鲨的牙齿长达7厘米^[8]，弯曲，边缘光滑，表面有一层很厚的珐琅质。

在肯萨斯州尼奥布拉拉白垩层（Niobrara Chalk）所发现的白垩尖吻鲨标本显示，它们的外观像现今的大白鲨^[9]。尾鳍显示它们是一类很活跃的鲨鱼，可以游得很快^[9]。

分布

白垩尖吻鲨分布在森诺曼阶至坎帕阶的全球海域，包括北美洲的西部内陆海道。

食性

在西部内陆海道中，一只白垩刺甲鲨与两只角鳞鲨属环绕着一个破碎龙的尸体。

白垩尖吻鲨是它们生存时期最大型的鲨鱼之一，属于海洋中主要的掠食者之一。化石纪录显示它们猎食多类水生动物，如沧龙科^[10]、蛇颈龙亚目^[11]、剑射鱼^[12]及原盖龟科^[13]。

参考

^ Kenshu Shimada. Stratigraphic Record of the Late Cretaceous Lamniform Shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (Agassiz), in Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 1997, 100 (3/4): 139–149. JSTOR 3628002. doi:10.2307/3628002.
^ Mikael Siverson and Johan Lindgren. Late Cretaceous sharks Cretoxyrhina and Cardabiodon from Montana, USA (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2005 [2018-11-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-09）.
^ David Ward. Fossils of the Gault Clay- Sharks and Rays. The Paleontological Association. 2009: 279–299 [2019-07-31]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-31）.
^ J.G. Ogg and L.A. Hinnov. Cretaceous. 2012: 793–853. ISBN 9780444594259. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00027-5. |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
^ Todd Cook, Eric Brown, Patricia E. Ralrick, and Takuya Konish. A late Campanian euselachian assemblage from the Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada: some notable range extensions. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2017, 54 (9): 973–980. Bibcode:2017CaJES..54..973C. doi:10.1139/cjes-2016-0233. hdl:1807/77762.
^ Derek William Larson, Donald B. Brinkman, and Phil R. Bell. Faunal assemblages from the upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation, an early Maastrichtian cool-climate assemblage from Alberta, with special reference to the Albertosaurus sarcophagus bonebed. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2010, 47 (9): 1159–1181. Bibcode:2010CaJES..47.1159L. doi:10.1139/E10-005.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Everhart, Mike. A Giant Ginsu Shark (Cretoxyrhina mantelli Agassiz) From Late Cretaceous Chalk of Kansas. 2009-01-30 [2010-01-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-08）.
^ 存档副本. [2021-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-16）.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Shimada, Kenshu, Cumbaa, S. L., Rooyen, D. V. Caudal Fin Skeleton of the Late Cretaceous Lamniform Shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli, from the Niobrara Chalk of Kansas (PDF). New Mexico Museum of Natural History. 2006 [2009-10-02].
^ Rothschild, B. M. Sharks eating mosasaurs, dead or alive? (PDF). Netherlands Journal of Geosciencesvolume 21. 2005, (4): 335–340 [2009-10-02]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-16）.
^ Everhart, M. J. Bite marks on an elasmosaur (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) paddle from the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) as probable evidence of feeding by the lamniform shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (PDF). PalArch Foundation. 2005 [2009-10-02]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-16）.
^ Shimada, Kenshu. Paleoecological relationships of the Late Cretaceous lamniform shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (Agassiz). Journal of Paleontology. 1997 [2009-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-09）.
^ Shimada, Kenshu, Hooks, G. E. Shark-Bitten Protostegid Turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Mooreville Chalk, Alabama. Journal of Paleontology. 2004 [2009-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-09）.

外部链接

国家地理频道（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Mega Beasts: Sea of Killers （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[ShimadaStrat-1] Kenshu Shimada. Stratigraphic Record of the Late Cretaceous Lamniform Shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (Agassiz), in Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 1997, 100 (3/4): 139–149. JSTOR 3628002. doi:10.2307/3628002.

[SiversonandLindgren-2] Mikael Siverson and Johan Lindgren. Late Cretaceous sharks Cretoxyrhina and Cardabiodon from Montana, USA (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2005 [2018-11-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-09）.

[Ward2009-3] David Ward. Fossils of the Gault Clay- Sharks and Rays. The Paleontological Association. 2009: 279–299 [2019-07-31]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-31）.

[GeologicTime-4] J.G. Ogg and L.A. Hinnov. Cretaceous. 2012: 793–853. ISBN 9780444594259. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00027-5. |journal=被忽略 (帮助)

[Cooketal2017-5] Todd Cook, Eric Brown, Patricia E. Ralrick, and Takuya Konish. A late Campanian euselachian assemblage from the Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada: some notable range extensions. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2017, 54 (9): 973–980. Bibcode:2017CaJES..54..973C. doi:10.1139/cjes-2016-0233. hdl:1807/77762.

[Larsonetal-6] Derek William Larson, Donald B. Brinkman, and Phil R. Bell. Faunal assemblages from the upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation, an early Maastrichtian cool-climate assemblage from Alberta, with special reference to the Albertosaurus sarcophagus bonebed. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2010, 47 (9): 1159–1181. Bibcode:2010CaJES..47.1159L. doi:10.1139/E10-005.

[GGS-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Everhart, Mike. A Giant Ginsu Shark (Cretoxyrhina mantelli Agassiz) From Late Cretaceous Chalk of Kansas. 2009-01-30 [2010-01-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-08）.

[8] 存档副本. [2021-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-16）.

[CFS-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Shimada, Kenshu, Cumbaa, S. L., Rooyen, D. V. Caudal Fin Skeleton of the Late Cretaceous Lamniform Shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli, from the Niobrara Chalk of Kansas (PDF). New Mexico Museum of Natural History. 2006 [2009-10-02].

[10] Rothschild, B. M. Sharks eating mosasaurs, dead or alive? (PDF). Netherlands Journal of Geosciencesvolume 21. 2005, (4): 335–340 [2009-10-02]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-16）.

[11] Everhart, M. J. Bite marks on an elasmosaur (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) paddle from the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) as probable evidence of feeding by the lamniform shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (PDF). PalArch Foundation. 2005 [2009-10-02]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-16）.

[12] Shimada, Kenshu. Paleoecological relationships of the Late Cretaceous lamniform shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (Agassiz). Journal of Paleontology. 1997 [2009-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-09）.

[13] Shimada, Kenshu, Hooks, G. E. Shark-Bitten Protostegid Turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Mooreville Chalk, Alabama. Journal of Paleontology. 2004 [2009-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-09）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

白垩尖吻鲨化石时期：阿尔布期-坎帕期^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] 107.59–73.2 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N


白垩尖吻鲨（Cretoxyrhina mantelli）牙齿化石
保护状况
无效状况
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	软骨鱼纲 Chondrichthyes
亚类：	鲨总目 Selachimorpha
目：	鼠鲨目 Lamniformes
科：	†白垩刺甲鲨科 Cretoxyrhinidae
属：	†白垩刺甲鲨属 Cretoxyrhina Glückman, 1958
模式种
†Cretoxyrhina mantelli Agassiz, 1843
种
†曼氏白垩尖吻鲨 C. mantelli Agassiz, 1843 (模式种) †粗齿白垩尖吻鲨 C. denticulata Glückman, 1957 †韦拉科白垩尖吻鲨 C. vraconensis Zhelezko, 2000 †阿格西白垩尖吻鲨 C. agassizensis Underwood & Cumbaa, 2010
异名
异名列表角鲨属 Squalus Squalus mustelus Mantell, 1822 Squalus zygaena Mantell, 1822 Squalus acaule Nilsson, 1827 鼠鲨属 Lamna Lamna mantellii Agassiz, 1835 Lamna acuminata Agassiz, 1838 Lamna cornubica Schimdt, 1846 Lamna petricoriensis Coquand, 1860 Lamna (Sphenodus) longidens Agassiz, 1876 Oxyrhina Oxyrhina mantellii Agassiz, 1838 Oxyrhina subinflata Agassiz, 1876 Oxyrhina extenta Leidy, 1873 耳齿鲨属 Otodus Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz, 1838 Otodus oxyrhinoides Sauvage, 1872 鲭鲨属 Isurus Isurus mantelli Agassiz, 1843 Isurus denticulatus Glückman, 1957 Pseudoisurus Pseudoisurus mantelli Zhelezko, 2000 Pseudoisurus vraconensis Zhelezko, 2000 Telodontaspis Telodontaspis agassizensis Underwood & Cumbaa, 2010