白堊尖吻鯊

白堊尖吻鯊; 化石時期：阿爾布期-坎帕期 107.59–73.2 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	白堊尖吻鯊（Cretoxyrhina mantelli）牙齒化石
保護狀況
	無效狀況
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	軟骨魚綱 Chondrichthyes
亞類：	鯊總目 Selachimorpha
目：	鼠鯊目 Lamniformes
科：	†白堊刺甲鯊科 Cretoxyrhinidae
屬：	†白堊刺甲鯊屬 Cretoxyrhina; Glückman, 1958
模式種
	†Cretoxyrhina mantelli; Agassiz, 1843
種
	†曼氏白堊尖吻鯊 C. mantelli ; Agassiz, 1843 (模式種); †粗齒白堊尖吻鯊 C. denticulata Glückman, 1957; †韋拉科白堊尖吻鯊 C. vraconensis Zhelezko, 2000; †阿格西白堊尖吻鯊 C. agassizensis Underwood & Cumbaa, 2010;
異名
	異名列表角鯊屬 Squalus Squalus mustelus Mantell, 1822; Squalus zygaena Mantell, 1822; Squalus acaule Nilsson, 1827; ; 鼠鯊屬 Lamna Lamna mantellii Agassiz, 1835; Lamna acuminata Agassiz, 1838; Lamna cornubica Schimdt, 1846; Lamna petricoriensis Coquand, 1860; Lamna (Sphenodus) longidens Agassiz, 1876; ; Oxyrhina Oxyrhina mantellii Agassiz, 1838; Oxyrhina subinflata Agassiz, 1876; Oxyrhina extenta Leidy, 1873; ; 耳齒鯊屬 Otodus Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz, 1838; Otodus oxyrhinoides Sauvage, 1872; ; 鯖鯊屬 Isurus Isurus mantelli Agassiz, 1843; Isurus denticulatus Glückman, 1957; ; Pseudoisurus Pseudoisurus mantelli Zhelezko, 2000; Pseudoisurus vraconensis Zhelezko, 2000; ; Telodontaspis Telodontaspis agassizensis Underwood & Cumbaa, 2010; ; ; ;

白堊尖吻鯊（學名：Cretoxyrhina），舊譯白堊刺甲鯊、金廚鯊，是生存於白堊紀的一種大型史前鯊魚。

發現歷史

白堊尖吻鯊是由路易士·阿格西（Louis Agassiz）於1843年命名。後來查爾斯·斯騰伯格（Charles H. Sternberg）於1890年在美國肯薩斯州發現了一個最為完整的標本。這套標本包含了差不多完整的脊椎及超過250顆牙齒，估計長度達20呎。查爾斯將之命名為Oxyrhina mantelli^[7]。

近年發現了更多白堊尖吻鯊的標本。其中一個是於1891年由喬治·史登柏格（George Sternberg）所發現，並存放在慕尼黑博物館。這個標本估計也有20呎長，但因二次大戰轟炸而遭受破壞^[7]。

特徵

白堊刺甲鯊的牙齒。

白堊尖吻鯊可以長達7.5米-9米，比現今的大白鯊還要大。白堊尖吻鯊的牙齒長達7厘米^[8]，彎曲，邊緣光滑，表面有一層很厚的琺瑯質。

在肯薩斯州尼奧布拉拉白堊層（Niobrara Chalk）所發現的白堊尖吻鯊標本顯示，它們的外觀像現今的大白鯊^[9]。尾鰭顯示它們是一類很活躍的鯊魚，可以游得很快^[9]。

分佈

白堊尖吻鯊分布在森諾曼階至坎帕階的全球海域，包括北美洲的西部內陸海道。

食性

在西部內陸海道中，一隻白堊刺甲鯊與兩隻角鱗鯊屬環繞著一個破碎龍的屍體。

白堊尖吻鯊是它們生存時期最大型的鯊魚之一，屬於海洋中主要的掠食者之一。化石紀錄顯示它們獵食多類水生動物，如滄龍科^[10]、蛇頸龍亞目^[11]、劍射魚^[12]及原蓋龜科^[13]。

參考

^ Kenshu Shimada. Stratigraphic Record of the Late Cretaceous Lamniform Shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (Agassiz), in Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 1997, 100 (3/4): 139–149. JSTOR 3628002. doi:10.2307/3628002.
^ Mikael Siverson and Johan Lindgren. Late Cretaceous sharks Cretoxyrhina and Cardabiodon from Montana, USA (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2005 [2018-11-24]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-08-09）.
^ David Ward. Fossils of the Gault Clay- Sharks and Rays. The Paleontological Association. 2009: 279–299 [2019-07-31]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-31）.
^ J.G. Ogg and L.A. Hinnov. Cretaceous. 2012: 793–853. ISBN 9780444594259. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00027-5. |journal=被忽略 (幫助)
^ Todd Cook, Eric Brown, Patricia E. Ralrick, and Takuya Konish. A late Campanian euselachian assemblage from the Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada: some notable range extensions. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2017, 54 (9): 973–980. Bibcode:2017CaJES..54..973C. doi:10.1139/cjes-2016-0233. hdl:1807/77762.
^ Derek William Larson, Donald B. Brinkman, and Phil R. Bell. Faunal assemblages from the upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation, an early Maastrichtian cool-climate assemblage from Alberta, with special reference to the Albertosaurus sarcophagus bonebed. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2010, 47 (9): 1159–1181. Bibcode:2010CaJES..47.1159L. doi:10.1139/E10-005.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Everhart, Mike. A Giant Ginsu Shark (Cretoxyrhina mantelli Agassiz) From Late Cretaceous Chalk of Kansas. 2009-01-30 [2010-01-05]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-08）.
^ 存档副本. [2021-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-16）.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Shimada, Kenshu, Cumbaa, S. L., Rooyen, D. V. Caudal Fin Skeleton of the Late Cretaceous Lamniform Shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli, from the Niobrara Chalk of Kansas (PDF). New Mexico Museum of Natural History. 2006 [2009-10-02].
^ Rothschild, B. M. Sharks eating mosasaurs, dead or alive? (PDF). Netherlands Journal of Geosciencesvolume 21. 2005, (4): 335–340 [2009-10-02]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-07-16）.
^ Everhart, M. J. Bite marks on an elasmosaur (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) paddle from the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) as probable evidence of feeding by the lamniform shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (PDF). PalArch Foundation. 2005 [2009-10-02]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-07-16）.
^ Shimada, Kenshu. Paleoecological relationships of the Late Cretaceous lamniform shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (Agassiz). Journal of Paleontology. 1997 [2009-10-02]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-09）.
^ Shimada, Kenshu, Hooks, G. E. Shark-Bitten Protostegid Turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Mooreville Chalk, Alabama. Journal of Paleontology. 2004 [2009-10-02]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-09）.

外部連結

國家地理頻道（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Mega Beasts: Sea of Killers （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[ShimadaStrat-1] Kenshu Shimada. Stratigraphic Record of the Late Cretaceous Lamniform Shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (Agassiz), in Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 1997, 100 (3/4): 139–149. JSTOR 3628002. doi:10.2307/3628002.

[SiversonandLindgren-2] Mikael Siverson and Johan Lindgren. Late Cretaceous sharks Cretoxyrhina and Cardabiodon from Montana, USA (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2005 [2018-11-24]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-08-09）.

[Ward2009-3] David Ward. Fossils of the Gault Clay- Sharks and Rays. The Paleontological Association. 2009: 279–299 [2019-07-31]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-31）.

[GeologicTime-4] J.G. Ogg and L.A. Hinnov. Cretaceous. 2012: 793–853. ISBN 9780444594259. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00027-5. |journal=被忽略 (幫助)

[Cooketal2017-5] Todd Cook, Eric Brown, Patricia E. Ralrick, and Takuya Konish. A late Campanian euselachian assemblage from the Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada: some notable range extensions. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2017, 54 (9): 973–980. Bibcode:2017CaJES..54..973C. doi:10.1139/cjes-2016-0233. hdl:1807/77762.

[Larsonetal-6] Derek William Larson, Donald B. Brinkman, and Phil R. Bell. Faunal assemblages from the upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation, an early Maastrichtian cool-climate assemblage from Alberta, with special reference to the Albertosaurus sarcophagus bonebed. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2010, 47 (9): 1159–1181. Bibcode:2010CaJES..47.1159L. doi:10.1139/E10-005.

[GGS-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Everhart, Mike. A Giant Ginsu Shark (Cretoxyrhina mantelli Agassiz) From Late Cretaceous Chalk of Kansas. 2009-01-30 [2010-01-05]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-08）.

[8] 存档副本. [2021-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-16）.

[CFS-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Shimada, Kenshu, Cumbaa, S. L., Rooyen, D. V. Caudal Fin Skeleton of the Late Cretaceous Lamniform Shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli, from the Niobrara Chalk of Kansas (PDF). New Mexico Museum of Natural History. 2006 [2009-10-02].

[10] Rothschild, B. M. Sharks eating mosasaurs, dead or alive? (PDF). Netherlands Journal of Geosciencesvolume 21. 2005, (4): 335–340 [2009-10-02]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-07-16）.

[11] Everhart, M. J. Bite marks on an elasmosaur (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) paddle from the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) as probable evidence of feeding by the lamniform shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (PDF). PalArch Foundation. 2005 [2009-10-02]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-07-16）.

[12] Shimada, Kenshu. Paleoecological relationships of the Late Cretaceous lamniform shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (Agassiz). Journal of Paleontology. 1997 [2009-10-02]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-09）.

[13] Shimada, Kenshu, Hooks, G. E. Shark-Bitten Protostegid Turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Mooreville Chalk, Alabama. Journal of Paleontology. 2004 [2009-10-02]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-09）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

白堊尖吻鯊化石時期：阿爾布期-坎帕期^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] 107.59–73.2 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N


白堊尖吻鯊（Cretoxyrhina mantelli）牙齒化石
保護狀況
無效狀況
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	軟骨魚綱 Chondrichthyes
亞類：	鯊總目 Selachimorpha
目：	鼠鯊目 Lamniformes
科：	†白堊刺甲鯊科 Cretoxyrhinidae
屬：	†白堊刺甲鯊屬 Cretoxyrhina Glückman, 1958
模式種
†Cretoxyrhina mantelli Agassiz, 1843
種
†曼氏白堊尖吻鯊 C. mantelli Agassiz, 1843 (模式種) †粗齒白堊尖吻鯊 C. denticulata Glückman, 1957 †韋拉科白堊尖吻鯊 C. vraconensis Zhelezko, 2000 †阿格西白堊尖吻鯊 C. agassizensis Underwood & Cumbaa, 2010
異名
異名列表角鯊屬 Squalus Squalus mustelus Mantell, 1822 Squalus zygaena Mantell, 1822 Squalus acaule Nilsson, 1827 鼠鯊屬 Lamna Lamna mantellii Agassiz, 1835 Lamna acuminata Agassiz, 1838 Lamna cornubica Schimdt, 1846 Lamna petricoriensis Coquand, 1860 Lamna (Sphenodus) longidens Agassiz, 1876 Oxyrhina Oxyrhina mantellii Agassiz, 1838 Oxyrhina subinflata Agassiz, 1876 Oxyrhina extenta Leidy, 1873 耳齒鯊屬 Otodus Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz, 1838 Otodus oxyrhinoides Sauvage, 1872 鯖鯊屬 Isurus Isurus mantelli Agassiz, 1843 Isurus denticulatus Glückman, 1957 Pseudoisurus Pseudoisurus mantelli Zhelezko, 2000 Pseudoisurus vraconensis Zhelezko, 2000 Telodontaspis Telodontaspis agassizensis Underwood & Cumbaa, 2010