盲鳗

盲鳗科（学名：Myxini），也称盲鳗目（学名：Myxiniformes）、穿口盖目（学名：Hyperotreti），是一类海洋脊椎动物，在食物链上属于食腐动物。过去是无颌总纲之下的一目，现在则是无颌总纲下的圆口纲下的一亚纲。

盲鳗科 化石时期：
六鳃黏盲鳗 Eptatretus hexatrema
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	圆口纲 Cyclostomata
目：	盲鳗目 Myxiniformes
科：	盲鳗科 Myxinidae Rafinesque, 1815
亚科及属
见内文
异名
Bdellostomatidae Gill, 1872 Homeidae Garman, 1899 副盲鳗科 Paramyxinidae Berg, 1940 Diporobranchia Latreille, 1825

分布

盲鳗广泛分布于全球三大洋的温带、亚热带和热带的海域,几乎所有的种类生活在大陆架边缘的深海中。

特征

盲鳗目的外形裸露且光滑柔软，有一个半规管和嗅囊，在上皮组织有数个皮折，嗅神经束是分离的，鱼体前半段为圆柱状，后半段则较侧扁，如蛇状。其属于早期具有感光能力之鱼类，3只眼睛受皮层包覆，只能测光暗而没有视野可言；没有明显的骨骼、头部跟眼肌，故只能靠口部有几根肉质状的短须来辨识。身体侧的外鳃孔大约1至16对，黏液腺发达，受刺激时会分泌大量黏液。同时也是现存脊椎动物中较原始的一类，没有上下颔，和近亲八目鳗一样口部都呈圆形，主要以生病、行动缓慢的鱼类作为觅食对象。

分类

• †似盲鳗属 Myxinikela Bardack 1991
• †特提斯盲鳗属 Tethymyxine Miyashita et al. 2019
• 红盲鳗亚科 Rubicundinae Fernholm et al., 2013
  • 红盲鳗属 Rubicundus Fernholm et al., 2013
    • 塔斯曼海红盲鳗(Rubicundus eos)
    • 紫橙红盲鳗(Rubicundus lakeside)
    • 美洲红盲鳗(Rubicundus lopheliae)
    • 红盲鳗(Rubicundus rubicundus)
• 黏盲鳗亚科 Eptatretinae Bonaparte, 1850
  • 黏盲鳗属 Eptatretus Cloquet, 1819
• 盲鳗亚科 Myxininae Nelson, 1976
  • 盲鳗属 Myxine Linnaeus, 1758
  • 线盲鳗属 Nemamyxine Richardson, 1958
  • 新盲鳗属 Neomyxine Richardson, 1953
  • 南盲鳗属 Notomyxine Nani & Gneri, 1951
    • 叉齿南盲鳗(Notomyxine tridentiger,Garman, 1899)

延伸阅读

• Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2011). Myxinidae. FishBase. Version 2011-02.
• Bardack, D. First fossil hagfish (Myxinoidea): a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Science. 1991, 254 (5032): 701–703. Bibcode:1991Sci...254..701B. PMID 17774799. doi:10.1126/science.254.5032.701. 
• Bardack, D.; Richardson, E. S. Jr. New agnathous fishes from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Fieldiana. Geology. 1977, 33: 489–510. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5167. 
• Brodal, A. and Fänge, R. (ed.) (1963). The Biology of Myxine, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
• Fernholm, B.; Holmberg, K. The eyes in three genera of hagfish (Eptatretus, Paramyxine and Myxine) – A case of degenerative evolution. Vision Research. 1975, 15 (2): 253–259. PMID 1129982. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(75)90215-1. 
• Hardisty, M. W. (1982). Lampreys and hagfishes: Analysis of cyclostome relationships. In The Biology of Lampreys, (ed. M. W. Hardisty and I. C. Potter), Vol.4B, pp. 165–259. Academic Press, London.
• Janvier, P. (1996). Early vertebrates. Oxford Monographs in Geology and Geophysics, 33, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• Marinelli, Wilhelm. Vergleichende Anatomie und Morphologie der Wirbeltiere: 2. Lieferung. Myxine glutinosa (L.). Franz Deuticke. 1956. 
• Yalden, D.W. Feeding mechanisms as evidence for cyclostome monophyly. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1985, 84 (3): 291–300. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01802.x. 
• Stock, D. W.; Whitt, G. S. Evidence from 18S ribosomal RNA that lampreys and hagfishes form a natural group. Science. 1992, 257 (5071): 787–789. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..787S. PMID 1496398. doi:10.1126/science.1496398. 
• Mincarone, Michael M.; Stewart, Andrew L. A new species of giant seven-gilled hagfish (Myxinidae: Eptatretus) from New Zealand. Copeia. 2006, 2006 (2): 225–229. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2006)6[225:ANSOGS]2.0.CO;2. 
• J.M. Jørgensen; J.P. Lomholt; R.E. Weber; H. Malte (编). The biology of hagfishes. London: Chapman & Hall. 1997. 
• Delarbre, C; et al. Complete Mitochondrial DNA of the Hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri: The Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Strongly Supports the Cyclostome Monophyly. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2002, 22 (2): 184–192. PMID 11820840. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1045. 
• Bondareva; Schmidt, EE. Early Vertebrate Evolution of the TATA-Binding Protein, TBP. Molecular Biology and Evolution. November 2003, 20 (11): 1932–1939. PMC 2577151 . PMID 12885957. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg205. 
• Ewoldt, R. H., Winegard, T. M. and Fudge D. S. (2010). Non-linear viscoelasticity of hagfish slime. Int. J. Lin. Mech. 46: 627–636.
• Fudge, D. (2001). Hagfishes: Champions of Slime Nature Australia, Spring 2001 ed., Australian Museum Trust, Sydney. pp. 61–69.
• Fudge, D. S.; Gardner, K. H.; Forsyth, V. T.; Riekel, C.; Gosline, J. M. The mechanical properties of hydrated intermediate filaments: Insights from hagfish gland thread cells. Biophysical Journal. 2003, 85 (3): 2015–2027. Bibcode:2003BpJ....85.2015F. PMC 1303373 . PMID 12944314. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74629-3. 
• Fudge, D. S.; Hillis, S.; Levy, N.; Gosline, J. M. Hagfish slime threads as a biomimetic model for high performance protein fibres (PDF). Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 2010, 5 (3): 1–8. Bibcode:2010BiBi....5c5002F. PMID 20729569. doi:10.1088/1748-3182/5/3/035002. 
• Fudge, D. S.; Levy, N.; Chiu, S.; Gosline, J. M. Composition, morphology and mechanics of hagfish slime. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2005, 208 (24): 4613–4625. PMID 16326943. doi:10.1242/jeb.01963. 
• Winegard, T. M.; Fudge, D. S. Deployment of hagfish slime thread skeins requires the transmission of mixing forces via mucin strands. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2010, 213 (8): 1235–1240. PMID 20348334. doi:10.1242/jeb.038075. 

参阅

• 系统寄生虫学期刊
• 盲鳗刺鳋(Acanthochondria eptatreti (Cheng, Luo, Dai & Shih, 2014))
• 刺鳋属(Acanthochondria)

外部链接

• FishBase entry for Myxinidae （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• YouTube 5+ minute video of Scripps scientist/diver on hagfish （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Metacafe video of a University of Alberta grad student showing slime production of hagfish while in Bamfield, British Columbia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Beware the hagfish – repeller of sharks 3 News, 28 Oct 2011. Video.
• Hagfish versus sharks : 1-0 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Te Papa Blog, 28 October 2011.
• Teen Spots Hagfish-Slurping Elephant Seal – YouTube （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (2:11)
• What happens when a shark attacks a hagfish – BBC （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (0:39)
• Vancouver Aquarium Hagfish Slime （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 盲鳗科之科解说 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 盲鳗新发现 - 国家地理杂志
• 盲鳗刺鱼蚤 Species Acanthochondria eptatreti Cheng, Luo, Dai & Shih, 2014