社会镶嵌

嵌入性（英语：embeddedness）是经济社会学里一个重要的概念，泛指经济活动受到非经济制度的约束。它最早由卡尔·波兰尼提出，经马克·格兰诺维特进一步阐释而成为新经济社会学里一个常用的关键概念^[1]^[2]。

社会学之所以要提出社会镶嵌的概念，主要是因为一直以来经济活动被认为是理性化主导的领域，特别是现代资本主义市场经济。但社会学者发现，非理性化的认知、人际牵绊、社会约定俗成或隐而不宣的习惯、法律规范等，都会影响我们的经济决策跟行为，对经济组织与国家经济的面貌产生深远的影响。这表明古典经济学或新自由主义经济学所主张的供需法则及自我利益最大化并不能决定一切。

沙朗·佐金（英语：Sharon Zukin）与保罗·迪马乔曾进一步细分经济活动的四种镶嵌：认知、文化、结构与政治^[3]。行为经济学发现，要了解经济决策跟市场动态必须考虑人类认知上的许多偏见和非理性的预期，理性计算很多时候会被动物性的非理性直觉所限制，这就是所谓的认知镶嵌^[4]。至于文化镶嵌，可以以所谓的儒家资本主义或东亚经济发展模式为例，不同的文化背景提供了不同的价值与行为意义，影响了管理、交易跟消费等经济层面^[5]。结构镶嵌即是马克·格兰诺维特所指出的经济活动为人际网络（interpersonal network）所架构。旧苏联、东欧跟中国由计划经济过渡到市场经济的过程为政治镶嵌的最好例子^[6]。

参考文献

^ Polanyi, K. (2001 [1944]) The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, with a foreword by Joseph Stiglitz and introduction by Fred Block, Boston, MA, Beacon Press.
^ Granovetter, M. (1985) ‘Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness’, American Journal of Sociology, 91, 481–510.
^ Zukin, S. and DiMaggio, P. (1990) ‘Introduction’. In Zukin, S. and DiMaggio, P. (eds) Structures of Capital: The Social Organization of the Economy, New York, NY, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–36.
^ Akerlof, George A. and Robert J. Shiller. 2009. Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; Ariely, Dan. 2008. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. New York: Harper Collins.
^ DiMaggio, Paul. 1990. “Cultural Aspect of Economic Organization.” Pp. 113-136 in Beyond the Marketplace: Rethinking Economy and Society, edited by Roger Friedland and A. F. Robertson. New York: Aldine de Gruyter; Zelizer, Viviana A. 1985. Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children. New York: Basic Books; Hefner, Robert W, ed. 1998. Market Cultures: Society and Morality in the New Asian Capitalisms. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
^ Nee, Victor and David Stark, ed. 1989. Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

[1] Polanyi, K. (2001 [1944]) The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, with a foreword by Joseph Stiglitz and introduction by Fred Block, Boston, MA, Beacon Press.

[2] Granovetter, M. (1985) ‘Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness’, American Journal of Sociology, 91, 481–510.

[3] Zukin, S. and DiMaggio, P. (1990) ‘Introduction’. In Zukin, S. and DiMaggio, P. (eds) Structures of Capital: The Social Organization of the Economy, New York, NY, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–36.

[4] Akerlof, George A. and Robert J. Shiller. 2009. Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; Ariely, Dan. 2008. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. New York: Harper Collins.

[5] DiMaggio, Paul. 1990. “Cultural Aspect of Economic Organization.” Pp. 113-136 in Beyond the Marketplace: Rethinking Economy and Society, edited by Roger Friedland and A. F. Robertson. New York: Aldine de Gruyter; Zelizer, Viviana A. 1985. Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children. New York: Basic Books; Hefner, Robert W, ed. 1998. Market Cultures: Society and Morality in the New Asian Capitalisms. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

[6] Nee, Victor and David Stark, ed. 1989. Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

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