基里尔和美多德
基里尔和美多德(希腊语:Κύριλλος καὶ Μεθόδιος,教会斯拉夫语:Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи)是东罗马帝国的传教士。在传播基督教正教的同时,他们同为基里尔字母的发明做出了巨大贡献。他们同时被天主教会和东正教会封为圣人,被称为“圣基里尔和圣美多德”。
圣基里尔和圣美多德 | |
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Bishops and Confessors; Equals to the Apostles; Patrons of Europe; Apostles to the Slavs | |
出生 | 东罗马帝国萨洛尼卡(位于今希腊) |
敬礼于 | 罗马天主教会 保加利亚正教会 马其顿正教会 东正教会 普世圣公宗 信义宗 |
瞻礼 | 2月14日(公历);7月5日(1880-1886年的罗马天主教会历法);7月7日(1887-1969年的罗马天主教会历法) 5月11日(儒略历,东正教沿用)[1] 7月5日(在捷克和斯洛文尼亚),5月24日(在保加利亚和北马其顿) |
象征 | brothers depicted together; Eastern bishops holding up a church; Eastern bishops holding an icon of the Last Judgment[2]Often, Cyril is depicted wearing a monastic habit and Methodius vested as a bishop with omophorion. |
主保 | 北马其顿、保加利亚、捷克(包括波希米亚地区和摩拉维亚地区)、斯洛文尼亚[2] |
简介
编辑基里尔在公元826年或827年出生,原名为“康斯坦丁”,基里尔是他在罗马成为修道士时取的圣名。美多德在825年或826年出生[3][3][4],原名为“米哈伊尔”,美多德是他在密细亚的奥林匹斯山成为修道士时取的圣名[5][6][7][8]。他们都出生在萨洛尼卡(位于现在的希腊)[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]。
860年,基里尔和美多德与受东罗马帝国皇帝米海尔三世和君士坦丁堡牧首佛提乌的命令去可萨汗国阻止犹太教的扩张。因为可萨人信奉犹太教可以免除一些政治纠纷,可萨汗国可汗坚定地将犹太教作为国教,所以这次任务失败了。
公元862年,大摩拉维亚的君主罗斯季斯拉夫要求东罗马帝国皇帝米海尔三世和君士坦丁堡牧首弗提乌一世派传教士给斯拉夫人传福音。米海尔三世迅速选择了派基里尔与美多德去,并且说:“你们来自萨洛尼卡,所有的萨洛尼卡人都讲着纯正的斯拉夫语[17]”公元863年,基里尔与美多德对大摩拉维亚和潘诺尼亚的斯拉夫人进行过传教活动。为了向斯拉夫人传教,他们利用希腊字母和一些自创的字母创造了格拉哥里字母。格拉哥里字母是第一种用来记录古教会斯拉夫语的字母[18]。随后他们将圣经翻译成古教会斯拉夫语,并在摩拉维亚推广了它。
在867年,教皇尼古拉一世邀请基里尔与美多德去罗马,869年2月14日,基里尔在罗马去世。870年,美多德返回摩拉维亚并在885年4月6日在那里去世。
两兄弟后来都被东正教会授予“斯拉夫人的传教士”的头衔。1880年,天主教教皇利奥十三世在天主教将他们的庆日加到天主教的礼仪历中。1980年,天主教教宗若望·保禄二世宣布他们与诺尔恰的圣本笃同为欧洲的主保圣人[19]。
纪念
编辑圣基里尔和圣美多德日
编辑信奉东正教的国家一般将儒略历5月11日(公历5月24日)定为“圣基里尔和圣美多德日”,而信奉天主教的国家一般将7月5日定为“圣基里尔和圣美多德日”。
现在,“圣基里尔和圣美多德日” 作为公共节日在下列国家庆祝:
- 在保加利亚人们在5月24日纪念基里尔与美多德,节日的正式名称为“保加利亚教育、文化、和斯拉夫文学日”(保加利亚语:Ден на българската просвета и култура и на славянската писменост),一个用来纪念保加利亚文化、文学、与基里尔字母的节日。它被人们称为“字母、文化和教育节”(保加利亚语:Ден на азбуката, културата и просвещението)。基里尔与美多德被看成是保加利亚国家图书馆的保护人。保加利亚国家图书馆前面就有他们的纪念馆。
- 在马其顿,人们在5月24日纪念基里尔与美多德,节日的名称为“圣基里尔和圣美多德日”(马其顿语:Св. Кирил и Методиј, Ден на словенските просветители)。
- 在俄罗斯,5月24日是“斯拉夫文学与文化节”(俄语:День славянской письменности и культуры),庆祝斯拉夫文学、文化与字母。
以他们名字命名的事物
编辑- 圣基里尔和美多德国家图书馆,位于保加利亚。
- 斯科普里圣基里尔和美多德大学,位于马其顿共和国。
- 圣基里尔和美多德神学院,位于美国密歇根市。
参见
编辑注释
编辑- ^ 在公历中是5月24日
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Jones, Terry. Methodius. Patron Saints Index. [2014-12-21]. (原始内容存档于2007-02-19).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Methodius of Moravia - OrthodoxWiki. orthodoxwiki.org. [2021-04-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-23).
- ^ Cyril and Methodius - OrthodoxWiki. orthodoxwiki.org. [2021-04-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-11).
- ^ Cyril and Methodius, Encyclopedia Britannica 2005
- ^ Klasse, Akademie der Wissenschaften (Wien) Philosophisch-Historische. Denkschriften. Böhlau. 1870: 246 [2021-04-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-23) (德语).
- ^ Chapter 18 of the Slavonic Life of Constantine (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), an English translation
- ^ English Translation of the 18th Chapter of the Vita Constantini, Liturgy of the Hours, Proper of Saints, 14 February
- ^ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece - 1972, p.846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p.239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p.151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June, 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p.98; V.Bogdanovich , History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p.119
- ^ The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05, O.Ed. Saints Cyril and Methodius "Cyril and Methodius, Saints) 869 and 884, respectively, “Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature."
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodius (c. 825–884). These men were Greeks from Thessaloniki who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity."
- ^ Hastings, Adrian. The construction of nationhood: ethnicity, religion, and nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997: 126. ISBN 0-521-62544-0.
. the activity of the brothers Constantine (later renamed Cyril) and Methodius, aristocratic Greek priests who were sent from Constantinople.
- ^ Fletcher, R. A. The barbarian conversion: from paganism to Christianity. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 1999: 327. ISBN 0-520-21859-0.
- ^ Cizevskij, Dmitrij; Zenkovsky, Serge A.; Porter, Richard E. Comparative History of Slavic Literatures. Vanderbilt University Press. : vi. ISBN 0-8265-1371-9.
"Two Greek brothers from Salonika, Constantine who later became a monk and took the name Cyril and Methodius.
- ^ The illustrated guide to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998: 14. ISBN 0-19-521462-5.
In Eastern Europe, the first translations of the Bible into the Slavoruic languages were made by the Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius in the 860s
- ^ Smalley, William Allen. Translation as mission: Bible translation in the modern missionary movement. Macon, Ga.: Mercer. 1991: 25. ISBN 978-0-86554-389-8.
The most important instance where translation and the beginning church did coincide closely was in Slavonic under the brothers Cyril, Methodius, with the Bible completed by A.D. 880 This was a missionary translation but unusual again (from a modern point of view) because not a translation into the dialect spoken where the missionaries were The brothers were Greeks who had been brought up in Macedonia,
- ^ Todd B. Krause; Jonathan Slocum. Old Church Slavonic Online Lesson 3. Linguistics Research Center at UT Austin. [2014-12-21]. (原始内容存档于2010-10-02).
- ^ Liturgy of the Hours, Volume III, 14 February.
- ^ Egregiae Virtutis. [2014-12-21]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-04). Apostolic letter of Pope John Paul II, 31 December 1980 (拉丁文)
- ^ Votruba, Martin. Holiday date. Slovak Studies Program. 匹兹堡大学. [2014-12-21]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-14).
外部链接
编辑- (英文)The Life and Miracles of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Bishops and Apostles of the Christian Church
- (英文)wallpainting , St. Clemente
- (英文)Slavorum Apostoli by Pope John Paul II(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- (英文)Cyril and Methodius - Encyclical letter (Epistola Enciclica), 31 December 1980(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Pope John Paul II
- (英文)"Cyril and Methodius, Saints" article in Encyclopædia Britannica.
- (英文)^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, Cyril and Methodius, Saints.
- (英文)Catholic Encyclopedia: Sts. Cyril and Methodius (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- (英文)"Equal to Apostles SS. Cyril and Methodius Teachers of Slavs", by Prof. Nicolai D. Talberg (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- (英文)Catholic Culture (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- (英文)Cyril and Methodius at orthodoxwiki (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- (英文)Bulgarian Official Holidays, National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria: in English (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), in Bulgarian (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- (英文)Bank holidays in the Czech Republic, Czech National Bank: in English, in Czech
- (英文)"Landmarks of Culture", Russian Federation Agency of Culture and Cinematography, in Russian (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- (英文)US embassy in Bratislava's Embassy Holidays for 2006;
- (英文)British embassy in Bratislava's Embassy Holidays for 2006
- (英文)24 May - The Day Of Slavonic Alphabet, Bulgarian Enlightenment and Culture (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),
- (英文)Cyril at Patron Saints Index
- (英文)Saint Cyril in Orthodoxy
- (英文)Lettera Apostolica