血管紧张素

血管紧张素（Angiotensin），亦称血管收缩素、血管紧缩素、血管张力素，是一种寡肽类激素，是肾素-血管紧张素系统（renin-angiotensin system）的重要组成部分。血管紧张素能引起血管收缩，升高血压；促进肾上腺皮质释放醛固酮。它也具有很强的致渴作用。血管紧张素的前体是由肝脏合成的一种血清球蛋白：血管紧张素原。血管紧张素最早于20世纪30年代末由美国印第安纳和阿根廷的研究人员分别独立分离，并被分别命名为Angiotonin和Hypertensin，后来被美国克利夫兰诊所和瑞士巴塞尔的汽巴实验室（Ciba Laboratories）描述并合成。

血管紧张肽原（丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂）
有效结构 PDB 直系同源检索：PDBe, RCSB PDB查询代码列表 1N9U, 1N9V, 2JP8, 2WXW, 2X0B
标识
代号	AGT; ANHU; FLJ92595; FLJ97926; SERPINA8
扩展标识	遗传学：106150 鼠基因：87963 同源基因：14 GeneCards: AGT Gene
基因本体论描述 分子功能 · serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity · hormone activity · hormone activity · protein binding · growth factor activity · acetyltransferase activator activity · type 1 angiotensin receptor binding · type 2 angiotensin receptor binding 细胞成分 · extracellular region · extracellular region · extracellular region · extracellular space · extracellular space · extracellular space · soluble fraction · cytoplasmic part 生物过程 · ovarian follicle rupture · regulation of cell growth · blood vessel development · positive regulation of cytokine production · kidney development · blood vessel remodeling · angiotensin mediated vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure · renal response to blood flow involved in circulatory renin-angiotensin regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure · regulation of blood volume by renin-angiotensin · renin-angiotensin regulation of aldosterone production · regulation of renal output by angiotensin · regulation of blood vessel size by renin-angiotensin · brain renin-angiotensin system · cellular sodium ion homeostasis · cell-matrix adhesion · G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway · G-protein signaling, coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger · activation of phospholipase C activity by G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway coupled to IP3 second messenger · nitric oxide mediated signal transduction · cell-cell signaling · excretion · establishment of blood-nerve barrier · regulation of blood pressure · negative regulation of cell proliferation · response to cold · response to salt stress · positive regulation of activation of JAK2 kinase activity · positive regulation of endothelial cell migration · positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy · positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation · positive regulation of cholesterol esterification · negative regulation of endopeptidase activity · regulation of norepinephrine secretion · positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade · response to muscle activity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation · regulation of vasoconstriction · regulation of proteolysis · extracellular matrix organization · negative regulation of cell growth · peristalsis · positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process · positive regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity · low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling · positive regulation of multicellular organism growth · regulation of cell proliferation · hormone metabolic process · drinking behavior · positive regulation of apoptosis · positive regulation of catalytic activity · positive regulation of MAPKKK cascade · negative regulation of neuron apoptosis · cellular lipid metabolic process · positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process · positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway · positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent · positive regulation of organ growth · astrocyte activation · positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation · regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity · smooth muscle cell proliferation · positive regulation of inflammatory response · positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation · positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity · smooth muscle cell differentiation · negative regulation of nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway · positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity · positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis · positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA表达模式
更多表达数据
直系同源体
物种	人类	小鼠
Entrez	183	11606
Ensembl	ENSG00000135744	ENSMUSG00000031980
UniProt	P01019	Q3UTR7
mRNA序列	NM_000029.3	NM_007428.3
蛋白序列	NP_000020.1	NP_031454.3
基因位置	Chr 1: 230.84 – 230.85 Mb	Chr 8: 127.08 – 127.09 Mb
PubMed查询	[1]	[2]

前体及种类

血管紧张素的转化及受体

血管紧张素原

血管紧张素原是一种主要由肝脏持续合成并释放入血液循环的α-2球蛋白。它属于丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制物超家族（serine protease inhibitors，serpin），虽然就目前所知它不能抑制任何酶的活性。皮质激素、雌激素、甲状腺素和血管紧张素II可增高血浆血管紧张素原含量。

血管紧张素原是肾素的底物。

人血管紧张素原包含452个氨基酸残基，而其他物种的血管紧张素原大小有所不同。它的N-端12个氨基酸残基由于关系到其活性而最为重要。

Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile

血管紧张素Ⅰ

Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu

血管紧张素Ⅰ由肾素作用于血管紧张素原形成。肾素能催化血管紧张素原亮氨酸（Leu）与缬氨酸（Val）间的肽键水解产生十肽血管紧张素I；

血管紧张素Ⅰ基本没有生物学活性，而是作为血管紧张素Ⅱ的前体存在。

血管紧张素Ⅱ

主条目：血管紧张素II

Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe | His-Leu

血管紧张素I经血管紧张素Ⅰ转化酶剪切C-末端两个氨基酸残基而形成血管紧张素Ⅱ。血管紧张素II是一种可通过内分泌、自分泌/旁分泌以及胞内分泌发挥作用的激素。

血管紧张素Ⅱ通过血管紧张素酶降解为血管紧张素Ⅲ，其在循环系统的半衰期约为30秒，而在组织中最长可达15至30分钟。

血管紧张素Ⅲ

Asp | Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe

相比较血管紧张素Ⅱ而言，血管紧张素Ⅲ（七肽）仍具有40%的升压活性和100%的促醛固酮分泌活性。

血管紧张素Ⅳ

Arg | Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe

血管紧张素Ⅳ（六肽）与血管紧张素Ⅲ相似，而活性更低。

血管紧张素-(1-9)

Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His |-Leu

血管紧张素-(1-7)

Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro|-Phe

延伸阅读

• de Gasparo M, Catt KJ, Inagami T, Wright JW, Unger T. International union of pharmacology. XXIII. The angiotensin II receptors. Pharmacological Reviews. September 2000, 52 (3): 415–72. PMID 10977869. 
• Brenner & Rector's The Kidney, 7th ed., Saunders, 2004.
• Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 3rd Ed., CV Mosby Company, 1990.
• Review of Medical Physiology, 20th Ed., William F. Ganong, McGraw-Hill, 2001.
• Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders, 5th ed., Burton David Rose & Theodore W. Post McGraw-Hill, 2001
• Lees KR, MacFadyen RJ, Doig JK, Reid JL. Role of angiotensin in the extravascular system. Journal of Human Hypertension. August 1993,. 7 Suppl 2: S7–12. PMID 8230088. 
• Weir MR, Dzau VJ. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: a specific target for hypertension management. American Journal of Hypertension. December 1999, 12 (12 Pt 3): 205S–213S. PMID 10619573. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(99)00103-X. 
• Berry C, Touyz R, Dominiczak AF, Webb RC, Johns DG. Angiotensin receptors: signaling, vascular pathophysiology, and interactions with ceramide. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. December 2001, 281 (6): H2337–65. PMID 11709400. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.6.H2337. 
• Sernia C. A critical appraisal of the intrinsic pancreatic angiotensin-generating system. Journal of the Pancreas. January 2001, 2 (1): 50–5. PMID 11862023. 
• Varagic J, Frohlich ED. Local cardiac renin-angiotensin system: hypertension and cardiac failure. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. November 2002, 34 (11): 1435–42. PMID 12431442. doi:10.1006/jmcc.2002.2075. 
• Wolf G. Role of reactive oxygen species in angiotensin II-mediated renal growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2006, 7 (9–10): 1337–45. PMID 16115039. doi:10.1089/ars.2005.7.1337. 
• Cazaubon S, Deshayes F, Couraud PO, Nahmias C. [Endothelin-1, angiotensin II and cancer]. Médecine/Sciences. April 2006, 22 (4): 416–22. PMID 16597412. doi:10.1051/medsci/2006224416. 
• Ariza AC, Bobadilla NA, Halhali A. [Endothelin 1 and angiotensin II in preeeclampsia]. Revista de Investigacion Clinica; Organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion. 2007, 59 (1): 48–56. PMID 17569300. 

参见

• 肾素-血管紧张素系统
• 肾素
• 血管紧张素转化酶
• 血管紧张素受体

外部链接

• The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: I04.953 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 医学主题词表（MeSH）：Angiotensins
• Human AGT genome location and AGT gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
• PDB中UniProt可用的所有结构信息之概述：P01019 (Angiotensin) 在PDBe-KB。

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