觉醒

觉醒是一种每天反复出现的大脑状态和意识状态，在这种状态下，个体有意识并对外部世界做出连贯的认知和行为反应。

觉醒与睡眠相反，在睡眠中，大脑的大多数外部输入都被排除在神经处理之外。 ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4]

对大脑的影响

大脑觉醒的时间越长，大脑皮层神经元的同步放电率就越高。持续睡眠一段时间后，神经元放电的速度和同步性都会降低。 ^[5]

觉醒的另一个影响是星形胶质细胞中的糖原减少，而星形胶质细胞为神经元提供能量。研究表明，睡眠的基本功能之一是补充糖原能量来源。 ^[6]

由大脑维护

觉醒是由脑干中产生的多个神经递质系统之间复杂的相互作用产生的，并通过中脑、下丘脑、丘脑和基底前脑上升。 ^[7]下丘脑后部在维持觉醒的皮质激活中发挥着关键作用。起源于大脑这一部分的几个系统控制着从觉醒到睡眠以及从睡眠到觉醒的转变。结节乳头核和附近相邻的下丘脑后部中的组胺神经元投射到整个大脑，是迄今为止在大脑中发现的最具唤醒选择性的系统。 ^[8]另一个关键系统是由食欲素（也称为下丘脑分泌素）投射神经元提供的。它们存在于组胺神经元附近的区域，并且像它们一样广泛投射到大多数大脑区域并与唤醒相关。 ^[9]食欲素缺乏已被确定是导致发作性睡病的原因。 ^[10]

研究表明，食欲素和组胺神经元在控制觉醒方面发挥着不同但互补的作用，食欲素更多地参与觉醒行为，而组胺则与认知和皮质脑电图激活有关。 ^[11]

有人认为，胎儿不清醒，由于出生的压力和相关的蓝斑激活，新生儿发生清醒。 ^[12]

也可以看看

梦的争论
尤吉罗克
高电导状态
清醒梦
梦游

参考

^ Sleep, dreams and wakefulness. univ-lyon1.fr. [15 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于30 September 2007）.
^ Wakefulness, Alertness, Sleep, and Dreams. www.csun.edu. [15 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-02）.
^ The Consequences of Excessive Wakefulness. Damn Interesting. [15 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-17）.
^ Martin, Richard. It's Wake-Up Time. Wired. 1 November 2003 [15 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-17）.
^ Vyazovskiy, VV; Olcese, U; Lazimy, YM; Faraguna, U; Esser, SK; Williams, JC; Cirelli, C; Tononi, G. Cortical firing and sleep homeostasis. Neuron. 2009, 63 (6): 865–78. PMC 2819325  . PMID 19778514. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.024.
^ Benington, JH; Heller, HC. Restoration of brain energy metabolism as the function of sleep. Progress in Neurobiology. 1995, 45 (4): 347–60. PMID 7624482. S2CID 39737626. doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)00057-O.
^ Brown, RE; Basheer, R; McKenna, JT; Strecker, RE; McCarley, RW. Control of Sleep and Wakefulness. Physiological Reviews. 2012, 92 (3): 1087–1187. PMC 3621793  . PMID 22811426. doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2011. </
^ Takahashi, K; Lin, JS; Sakai, K. Neuronal activity of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons during wake-sleep states in the mouse. Journal of Neuroscience. 2006, 26 (40): 10292–8 [2024-01-06]. PMC 6674640  . PMID 17021184. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2341-06.2006  . （原始内容存档于2019-05-01）.
^ Sakurai, T. The neural circuit of orexin (hypocretin): maintaining sleep and wakefulness. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2007, 8 (3): 171–81. PMID 17299454. S2CID 8932862. doi:10.1038/nrn2092.
^ Chemelli, RM; Willie, JT; Sinton, CM; Elmquist, JK; Scammell, T; Lee, C; Richardson, JA; Williams, SC; Xiong, Y. Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell. 1999, 98 (4): 437–51. PMID 10481909. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81973-X  .
^ Anaclet, C.; Parmentier, R.; Ouk, K.; Guidon, G.; Buda, C.; Sastre, J.-P.; Akaoka, H.; Sergeeva, O. A.; Yanagisawa, M. Orexin/Hypocretin and Histamine: Distinct Roles in the Control of Wakefulness Demonstrated Using Knock-Out Mouse Models. Journal of Neuroscience. 2009, 29 (46): 14423–14438. PMC 2802289  . PMID 19923277. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2604-09.2009.
^ Lagercrantz, H. The birth of consciousness. Early Human Development. 2009, 85 (10 Suppl): S57–8. PMID 19762170. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.017.

外部链接

维基词典中的词条“觉醒”

[1] Sleep, dreams and wakefulness. univ-lyon1.fr. [15 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于30 September 2007）.

[2] Wakefulness, Alertness, Sleep, and Dreams. www.csun.edu. [15 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-02）.

[3] The Consequences of Excessive Wakefulness. Damn Interesting. [15 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-17）.

[4] Martin, Richard. It's Wake-Up Time. Wired. 1 November 2003 [15 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-17）.

[5] Vyazovskiy, VV; Olcese, U; Lazimy, YM; Faraguna, U; Esser, SK; Williams, JC; Cirelli, C; Tononi, G. Cortical firing and sleep homeostasis. Neuron. 2009, 63 (6): 865–78. PMC 2819325  . PMID 19778514. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.024.

[6] Benington, JH; Heller, HC. Restoration of brain energy metabolism as the function of sleep. Progress in Neurobiology. 1995, 45 (4): 347–60. PMID 7624482. S2CID 39737626. doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)00057-O.

[7] Brown, RE; Basheer, R; McKenna, JT; Strecker, RE; McCarley, RW. Control of Sleep and Wakefulness. Physiological Reviews. 2012, 92 (3): 1087–1187. PMC 3621793  . PMID 22811426. doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2011. </

[8] Takahashi, K; Lin, JS; Sakai, K. Neuronal activity of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons during wake-sleep states in the mouse. Journal of Neuroscience. 2006, 26 (40): 10292–8 [2024-01-06]. PMC 6674640  . PMID 17021184. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2341-06.2006  . （原始内容存档于2019-05-01）.

[9] Sakurai, T. The neural circuit of orexin (hypocretin): maintaining sleep and wakefulness. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2007, 8 (3): 171–81. PMID 17299454. S2CID 8932862. doi:10.1038/nrn2092.

[10] Chemelli, RM; Willie, JT; Sinton, CM; Elmquist, JK; Scammell, T; Lee, C; Richardson, JA; Williams, SC; Xiong, Y. Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell. 1999, 98 (4): 437–51. PMID 10481909. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81973-X  .

[11] Anaclet, C.; Parmentier, R.; Ouk, K.; Guidon, G.; Buda, C.; Sastre, J.-P.; Akaoka, H.; Sergeeva, O. A.; Yanagisawa, M. Orexin/Hypocretin and Histamine: Distinct Roles in the Control of Wakefulness Demonstrated Using Knock-Out Mouse Models. Journal of Neuroscience. 2009, 29 (46): 14423–14438. PMC 2802289  . PMID 19923277. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2604-09.2009.

[12] Lagercrantz, H. The birth of consciousness. Early Human Development. 2009, 85 (10 Suppl): S57–8. PMID 19762170. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.017.

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