逆冲构造

逆冲构造（英语：thrust tectonics）是指地壳或岩石圈被缩短和增厚形成的构造。它是三大构造类型之一，其他类型是伸展构造和走滑构造。它们与三种类型的板块边界相匹配：聚合（逆冲）、分离（伸展）、和转形（走滑）。它可分两种类型：薄皮变形和厚皮变形。区别在于基底，前者基底不变形，后者基底随之变形^[1]。逆冲构造观察到的主要地质环境是大陆碰撞带、走滑断层的约束弯曲带以及一些被动边缘上的分离断层系统的一部分。

逆冲构造形成的构造区

碰撞区

其中造山带是逆冲构造最重要的形成区。包括两种大类型：陆陆碰撞和弧陆碰撞^[2]。

走滑断层的限制弯曲区

当走滑断层沿走向偏移时，断层的弯曲会阻碍断层水平运动，例如在左旋走滑断层上的向右弯偏移地区，走向运动导致局部缩短或压缩^[2]^[3]。

被动大陆边缘区

在被动大陆边缘常形成厚层楔形沉积物。由于重力作用，楔形沉积物会向边缘扩散。若沉积物内具有滑脱层，例如岩盐或高压泥岩。楔形沉积物前部会形成一系列趾部逆冲断层^[4]^[5]。

参考文献

^ Shiner, P (2004). "Thin-skinned versus thick-skinned structural models for Apulian carbonate reservoirs: constraints from the Val d'Agri Fields, S Apennines, Italy". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 21 (7): 805. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2003.11.020.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Timothy Briggs Byrne; Char-Shine Liu (2002). Geology and Geophysics of an Arc-continent Collision, Taiwan. Special Paper 358. Geological Society of America. ISBN 978-0-8137-2358-7
^ Rust, D. 1998. Contractional and extensional structures in the transpressive ‘Big Bend’ of the San Andreas fault, southern California. Geological Society, London, Special Publications; 135; p. 119-126
^ Bilotti, F. & Shaw, J.H. 2005. Deep-water Niger Delta fold and thrust belt modeled as a critical taper wedge: The influence of elevated basal fluid pressure on structural styles. AAPG Bulletin; 89; 11; 1475–1491
^ Marton, G, & Schoenborn, G. 2008. Salt Tectonics of the Continent-Ocean Transition, Deep-Water Angola. MAPG conference abstract

[”Shiner”-1] Shiner, P (2004). "Thin-skinned versus thick-skinned structural models for Apulian carbonate reservoirs: constraints from the Val d'Agri Fields, S Apennines, Italy". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 21 (7): 805. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2003.11.020.

[”Timothy”-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Timothy Briggs Byrne; Char-Shine Liu (2002). Geology and Geophysics of an Arc-continent Collision, Taiwan. Special Paper 358. Geological Society of America. ISBN 978-0-8137-2358-7

[”Rust”-3] Rust, D. 1998. Contractional and extensional structures in the transpressive ‘Big Bend’ of the San Andreas fault, southern California. Geological Society, London, Special Publications; 135; p. 119-126

[”-4] Bilotti, F. & Shaw, J.H. 2005. Deep-water Niger Delta fold and thrust belt modeled as a critical taper wedge: The influence of elevated basal fluid pressure on structural styles. AAPG Bulletin; 89; 11; 1475–1491

[”Marton”-5] Marton, G, & Schoenborn, G. 2008. Salt Tectonics of the Continent-Ocean Transition, Deep-Water Angola. MAPG conference abstract

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