阿萨姆运动
阿萨姆运动（英语：Assam Movement）又称阿萨姆反外国人动乱（Anti-Foreigners Agitation），是1979年至1985年印度阿萨姆邦由全阿萨姆学生联盟（AASU）与全阿萨姆邦学生会（All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad, AAGSP）领导的公民不服从与暴力抗争，诉求为印度政府去除非法入境的外籍人士之投票权，并将其驱逐出境[2][4]。
| 阿萨姆运动 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 学生组成的抗争 | |||
| 地点 | |||
| 起因 | 外来孟加拉人被错误列入选民名册中[1] | ||
| 方法 | 示威、公民不服从、骚乱、私刑 | ||
| 让步 | 通过 1983年印度非法移民法 | ||
| 冲突方 | |||
20世纪初起孟加拉人即开始迁入阿萨姆地区，本土阿萨姆人与孟加拉人产生文化冲突，阿萨姆民族主义逐渐兴起[5][6]。1960年代起阿萨姆即有许多来自孟加拉的非法移民被错误地列入选民名册中，引发本地阿萨姆人的警觉[7][8]，孟加拉国解放战争期间与战后大批孟加拉难民移入阿萨姆，1979年芒格阿尔多伊的选民名册中有多达近72%的选民为非公民[9]，为此运动的导火线，全阿萨姆学生联盟宣布杯葛翌年的人民院选举[10]，要求彻底清查选民名单，后来抗争情势升级[11]，爆发针对孟加拉人的武装冲突，1983年的奈历大屠杀中即有超过2000人丧生[12]。1985年阿萨姆运动的领导人与政府签订阿萨姆协议，抗争宣告结束[13][14]。
参考文献
编辑- ^ "If there were a number of 'foreigners' in only one constituency—Mangaldai—what about other constituencies?...Naturally then, the next step for the AASU was to oppose the 1980 Lok Sabha elections without a thorough revision of electoral rolls of not just in Mangaldai but in the entire state...AASU leaders gave a call to political parties to boycott the polls till the EC revised the state's electoral rolls." (Pisharoty 2019，第30页)
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Baruah, Sanjib. India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1999: 116. ISBN 081223491X.
The citizenship status of many of the newer immigrants was ambiguous[...] The campaign also led to friction between the ethnic Assamese and some of Assam's "plains tribal" groups.
- ^ "By September 1980 the immigrant organizations had become a third force in the negotiations on the Assam movement's demands. The government invited AAMSU leaders to Delhi for consultation during the negotiations between the government and the movement leaders." (Baruah 1986，第1196页)
- ^ (Baruah 1986，第1184页)
- ^ "By the beginning of the twentieth century Assamese nationalists were pitted against the Bengalis as well as against the British, both of whom were seen as alien rulers." (Weiner 1983，第283页)
- ^ "One should not underestimate the extent to which the peoples of the northeast, and especially the Assamese, have a sense that they are a small people living next to a vast Bengali population eager to burst out of a densely populated region. Bangladesh (in 1980) had a population of 88.5 million, West Bengal (in 1981) had 54.4 million, and Tripura 2 million, for a total of 145 million Bengalis, making them numerically second only to Hindi speakers in South Asia, and the third largest linguistic group in Asia." (Weiner 1983，第287页)
- ^ "One of the first official admissions of this fact has been made in a publication of the Ministry of External Affairs as early as 1963. It is reported that 'enlistment of foreigners in the voters' lists has at times taken place at the instance of politically interested persons or parties." (Reddi 1981，第30页)
- ^ "The influx became politically alarming when the Election Commissioner in 1979 reported the unexpected large increase in the electoral rolls. To many Assamese it appeared as if the Bengali Hindus and Bengali Muslims together were now in a position to undermine Assamese rule." (Weiner 1983，第286页)
- ^ Reddi, P.S. Electoral Rolls with special reference to Assam. The Indian Journal of Political Science (Indian Political Science Association). 1981, 42 (1): 27–37. JSTOR 41855074.
- ^ (Pisharoty 2019，第30页)
- ^ (Baruah 1986，第1192页)
- ^ (Kimura 2013，第5页)
- ^ Sanjib, Baruah. Immigration, Ethnic Conflict, and Political Turmoil – Assam, 1979–1985. Asian Survey (University of California Press). 1986, 26 (11): 1184–1206. JSTOR 2644315. doi:10.2307/2644315.
- ^ Implementation of Assam Accord. assamaccord.assam.gov.in. [2021-09-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-25）.
- Baruah, Sanjib. India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1999: 116. ISBN 081223491X.
- Baruah, Sanjib. Immigration, Ethnic Conflict, and Political Turmoil—Assam, 1979–1985. Asian Survey. 1986, 26 (11): 1184–1206. JSTOR 2644315. doi:10.2307/2644315.
- Kimura, Makiko. The Nellie Massacre of 1983: Agency of Rioters. Sage Publications India. 2013. ISBN 9788132111665.
- Pisharoty, Sangeeta Barooah. Assam: the Accord, the Discord. Gurgaon: Penguin Random House. 2019.
- Reddi, P.S. Electoral Rolls with special reference to Assam. The Indian Journal of Political Science (Indian Political Science Association). 1981, 42 (1): 27–37. JSTOR 41855074 （英语）.
- Weiner, Myron. The Political Demography of Assam's Anti-Immigrant Movement. Population and Development Review (Population Council). 1983, 9 (2): 279–292. JSTOR 1973053. doi:10.2307/1973053.