庞蒂亚克战争
以庞蒂亚克为首的北美印第安人反对英国殖民统治的战争。
庞蒂亚克战争（英语：Pontiac's War）是英法北美战争后，于1763年在英国北美殖民地时期五大湖地区的俄亥俄领地和伊利诺伊领地因不满英国统治而爆发的一场战争。期间，许多部落的战士加入这场起义，以赶走该地区的英国士兵和定居者。战争名字来自渥太华人庞蒂亚克。虽然此次起义未能赶走英国人，但英国人为此不得不对原先政策作出调整。此外，战后割让尼亚加拉瀑布城附近土地予英国人[9][10]
| 庞蒂亚克战争 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 北美印第安战争的一部分 | |||||||||
 1763年4月27日大会，庞蒂亚克呼吁听众起身对抗英国人。 (19世纪雕刻, Alfred Bobbett) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| 参战方 | |||||||||
 大英帝国 | |||||||||
| 指挥官与领导者 | |||||||||
|
杰弗里·阿默斯特 Henry Bouquet 汤马士·盖奇 |
庞蒂亚克 Guyasuta | ||||||||
| 兵力 | |||||||||
| ~3,000名士兵[3][4] | ~3,500名战士[4] | ||||||||
| 伤亡与损失 | |||||||||
|
~450 人被杀[5] ~450名公民被杀[6] ~4,000名公民流离失所[7] |
200+ 名战士被杀[8] 伤亡人数不明 | ||||||||
参考资料 编辑
引用 编辑
- ^ Government of Canada. “In Defence of Their Homelands.” Canada.ca, April 19, 2018. Link.
- ^ “Pontiac's War.” Nations at War, 2020. https://nationsatwar.tv/conflicts/pontiacs-war/.
- ^ Dixon 2005，第158页.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Dowd 2002，第117页.
- ^ Peckham 1947，第239页.
- ^ Nester 2000，第279页.
- ^ Dowd 2002，第275页.
- ^ Middleton 2007，第202页.
- ^ Henderson, Donald A. et al. Smallpox as a Biological Weapon. Medical and Public Health Management （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. JAMA 1999, 281(22):2127–2137. doi:10.1001/jama.281.22.2127
- ^ d'Errico, Peter. Jeffrey Amherst and Smallpox Blankets （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
来源 编辑
- Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766. New York: Knopf. 2000. ISBN 0-375-40642-5.
- Barras, V; Greub, G. History of biological warfare and bioterrorism. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2014, 20 (6): 497–502. PMID 24894605. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12706
. - Borrows, John. Wampum at Niagara: The Royal Proclamation, Canadian Legal History, and Self Government (PDF). Asch, Michael (编). Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference. Vancouver: UBC Press. 1997: 169–172. ISBN 978-0-7748-0581-0.
- Calloway, Colin. The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-19-530071-8.
- Dembek, Zygmunt F. (编). Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Government Printing Office. 2007. ISBN 978-0-16-087238-9.
- Dixon, David. Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 2005. ISBN 0-8061-3656-1.
- Dowd, Gregory Evans. A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-8018-4609-9.
- Dowd, Gregory Evans. War under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, & the British Empire. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7079-8.
- Fenn, Elizabeth A. Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst. The Journal of American History. 2000, 86 (4): 1552–1580. JSTOR 2567577. doi:10.2307/2567577.
- Grenier, John. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-521-84566-1.
- Hinderaker, Eric. Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1763–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-521-66345-8.
- Jacobs, Wilbur R. Pontiac's War – A Conspiracy?. Dispossessing the American Indian: Indians and Whites on the Colonial Frontier. New York: Scribners. 1972: 83–93. ISBN 978-0806119359.
- Jennings, Francis. Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America'. New York: Norton. 1988. ISBN 0-393-30640-2.
- Mayor, Adrienne. The Nessus Shirt in the New World: Smallpox Blankets in History and Legend. The Journal of American Folklore. 1995, 108 (427): 54–77 [January 15, 2021]. JSTOR 541734. doi:10.2307/541734.
- McConnell, Michael N. A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724–1774. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1992. ISBN 0-8032-8238-9.
- McConnell, Michael N. "Introduction to the Bison Book Edition" of The Conspiracy of Pontiac by Francis Parkman. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1994. ISBN 0-8032-8733-X.
- Middleton, Richard. Pontiac: Local Warrior or Pan Indian Leader?. Michigan Historical Review. 2006, 32 (2): 1–32. doi:10.1353/mhr.2006.0028.
- Middleton, Richard. Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course, and Consequences. New York: Routledge. 2007. ISBN 978-0-415-97913-9.
- Nester, William R. "Haughty Conquerors": Amherst and the Great Indian Uprising of 1763. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 2000. ISBN 0-275-96770-0.
- Parkman, Francis. The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War after the Conquest of Canada 1994 reprint of 10th revised. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1870. ISBN 0-8032-8733-X. Parkman's landmark 2-volume work, originally published in 1851, subsequently revised and often reprinted, has largely been supplanted by modern scholarship.
- Peckham, Howard H. Pontiac and the Indian Uprising. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1947. ISBN 0-8143-2469-X.
- Ranlet, Philip. The British, the Indians, and Smallpox: What Actually Happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?. Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 2000, 67 (3): 427–441 [January 13, 2021]. JSTOR 27774278.
- Richter, Daniel K. Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-674-00638-0.
- Skaggs, David Curtis; Nelson, Larry L. (编). The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-87013-569-4.
- Steele, Ian K. Warpaths: Invasions of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 0-19-508223-0.
- White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-521-42460-7.
