1948年阿拉伯-以色列战争

1948年阿拉伯-以色列战争是第一次中东战争的第二阶段和最后阶段，发生于1948年5月15日至1949年3月10日。

背景

自1917年《贝尔福宣言》和1920年巴勒斯坦托管地成立以来，阿拉伯人和犹太人之间，以及阿拉伯人和犹太人与英国军队之间一直弥漫着紧张气氛且冲突不断。英国的政策让阿拉伯人和犹太人都不满意。阿拉伯人对英国人的不满造成了1936-1939年巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人起事，而犹太人的不满则导致1944-1947年巴勒斯坦犹太人起事发生。1947年11月29日，一个计划将巴勒斯坦分为一个阿拉伯人国家和一个犹太人国家的《联合国大会第181号决议》通过后，各方之间的紧张局势演变成1947-1948年巴勒斯坦托管地内战。1947年11月30日，阿拉伯人对两辆载有犹太人的公共汽车发动伏击，此次伏击是第一次中东战争中首次出现伤亡事故^[1]。

战争

1948年5月14日午夜，英国对巴勒斯坦的委任统治结束，而在当天早些时候，以色列发表了《以色列独立宣言》。5月15日上午，埃及、外约旦、叙利亚和伊拉克组建的远征军进入巴勒斯坦托管地领土^[2]。远征军控制了巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯人地区，并袭击了以色列军队和几个犹太人定居点^[3]^[4]。1947-1948年巴勒斯坦托管地内战转变为以色列与阿拉伯国家之间的冲突。此后10个月的战斗主要发生在巴勒斯坦托管地和西奈半岛以及黎巴嫩南部，中间有几个休战期^[5]。

结果和影响

战争的结果是，以色列国控制了《联合国大会第181号决议》划定的的犹太人国家领土以及《联合国大会第181号决议》划定的阿拉伯人国家的近60%的领土，包括雅法、卢德、拉姆拉、加利利以及内盖夫部分地区、特拉维夫-耶路撒冷公路沿线的一条宽阔地带、西耶路撒冷和约旦河西岸的部分领土^[6]。外约旦控制了巴勒斯坦托管地的剩余部分并将其吞并，埃及军队控制了加沙地带。在1948年12月1日的耶利哥会议上，2,000名巴勒斯坦代表呼吁将巴勒斯坦和外约旦统一，以此作为实现阿拉伯全面统一的一步^[7]。

1948年阿拉伯-以色列战争引发了整个中东地区人口结构的重大变化。大约有70万巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人逃离或被驱逐出巴勒斯坦，这些人成为了巴勒斯坦难民。在战后的三年里，约有70万犹太人移居以色列^[8]。在战争期间和战后不久，约有26万犹太人从阿拉伯世界移居以色列^[9]。

参考文献

^ Benny Morris. 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. Yale University Press. 2008: 76 [2021-01-24]. ISBN 978-0300145243. （原始内容存档于2017-10-18）.
^ David Tal, War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy, p. 153.
^ Benny Morris (2008), p. 401.
^ Zeev Maoz, Defending the Holy Land, University of Michigan Press, 2009 p. 4: 'A combined invasion of a Jordanian and Egyptian army started ... The Syrian and the Lebanese armies engaged in a token effort but did not stage a major attack on the Jewish state.'
^ Rogan and Shlaim 2007 p. 99.
^ Cragg 1997 pp. 57, 116.
^ Benvenisti, Meron (1996), City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-20521-9. p. 27
^ Morris, 2001, pp. 259–60.
^ Fischbach, Michael R. Jewish Property Claims Against Arab Countries. Columbia University Press, 2008, p.27

战争参与方

Dunkelman, Ben (1976) Dual Allegiance: An Autobiography. Macmillan Company of Canada, Toronto. ISBN 978-0-7705-1429-7
Joseph, Dov. The Faithful City: The Siege of Jerusalem, 1948 . Simon and Schuster. 1960. LCCN 60-10976. OCLC 266413.
Kagan, Benjamin (1966) The Secret Battle for Israel. World Publishing, Cleveland.
LCCN 66-24991
Lorch, Netanel (1961) The Edge of the Sword: Israel's War of Independence, 1947–1949. New York, London: G. P. Putnam's Sons
LCCN 61-8345

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[Morris48-1] Benny Morris. 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. Yale University Press. 2008: 76 [2021-01-24]. ISBN 978-0300145243. （原始内容存档于2017-10-18）.

[2] David Tal, War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy, p. 153.

[3] Benny Morris (2008), p. 401.

[4] Zeev Maoz, Defending the Holy Land, University of Michigan Press, 2009 p. 4: 'A combined invasion of a Jordanian and Egyptian army started ... The Syrian and the Lebanese armies engaged in a token effort but did not stage a major attack on the Jewish state.'

[5] Rogan and Shlaim 2007 p. 99.

[6] Cragg 1997 pp. 57, 116.

[7] Benvenisti, Meron (1996), City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-20521-9. p. 27

[BennyMorris-8] Morris, 2001, pp. 259–60.

[9] Fischbach, Michael R. Jewish Property Claims Against Arab Countries. Columbia University Press, 2008, p.27

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