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用户:Dkzzl/佩斯切尼乌斯·奈哲尔

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君士坦丁·美索不达米特斯（希腊语：Κωνσταντῖνος Μεσοποταμίτης）是11世纪末至12世纪初拜占庭帝国的高级官员。1193-1197年夏天，他在伊萨克二世与阿莱克修斯三世皇帝手下担任事实上的首席大臣，1197年-1227年，他还担任塞萨洛尼基都主教（英语：Metropolis of Thessaloniki），不过由于十字军占领了塞萨洛尼基，1204-1224年他流亡在外。城市被伊庇鲁斯收复后，他又因不愿为狄奥多尔·科穆宁·杜卡斯加冕而自行流亡。他曾与史家尼基塔斯·霍尼阿特斯一同在朝为官，也与他保持通信，后者的一些作品可能是受他委托而作的。

生平

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君士坦丁出身美索不达米特斯（Μεσοποταμίτης）家族，这一家族11世纪后期出现于历史舞台，可能起源于今阿尔巴尼亚的美索不塔姆（英语：Mesopotam）或其他名叫美索不达米亚的地方[1]。君士坦丁于约1189年担任派往热那亚共和国谈判条约的使者，这是他早期的政治事迹之一；但当他与热那亚使者西蒙内·布菲里奥（ Simone Bufferio）一同回到君士坦丁堡准备签约时，政府发现了他的越权行为，导致谈判暂时破裂[2]。

在伊萨克二世手下当权

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1193年，In 1193, despite his extreme youth—his colleague and historian Niketas Choniates refers to him derisively as a "small boy [...] less than a year after he had put down pen and ink [i.e. left school]"[3]—he was chosen by Emperor Isaac II Angelos (r. 1185–1195) to succeed his maternal uncle and chief minister, Theodore Kastamonites, when the latter suffered a stroke and died soon after.[4] Holding the rank of epi tou kanikleiou (keeper of the imperial inkstand), he quickly succeeded in placing Isaac entirely under his influence. According to Choniates he exercised power greater than that even of his predecessor, while historian Charles Brand credits him with "combining craft and guile with real ability in the management of affairs".[5][6] During this period, Mesopotamites was also the recipient of a eulogy by Nikephoros Chrysoberges.[1]

Mesopotamites' hold over the administration was secured by effectively isolating the emperor from public affairs, including ending Isaac's predilection for personally leading campaigns.[7] Like Kastamonites, he was particularly successful in excluding the court and the nobility from power. As a result, he was greatly hated by the aristocracy, who plotted against Isaac.[8] In the event, this resentment found an outlet in Isaac's elder brother, Alexios III Angelos (r. 1195–1203), who in April 1195 with the support of the aristocracy seized the throne while Isaac was hunting. Isaac was captured and blinded, being confined thereafter in a palace near the Golden Horn.[9]

Career under Alexios III

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Among the first acts of the new emperor was the dismissal of Mesopotamites, but as the new regime quickly degenerated into a wholesale plundering of the state coffers and the open sale of offices, Empress Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera intervened with her husband and secured his reinstatement, probably in late 1195.[10][11] Returning to his old office of epi tou kanikleiou, Mesopotamites soon enjoyed as dominant a position under Alexios as he had under Isaac: the aristocratic courtiers, including the emperor's son-in-law Andronikos Kontostephanos and the empress' brother Basil Kamateros, lost power, while Mesopotamites became in Alexios' eyes "the horn of plenty, the mixing-bowl of virtues". Choniates' account suggests that he was indeed successful in improving administration during his renewed ascendancy.[10][11]

Unable to attack him directly, in summer 1196 Kamateros and Kontostephanos accused the empress of infidelity with a certain Vatatzes, an adopted son of Alexios III. The emperor ordered Vatatzes executed, and two months later the empress was banished to a monastery at Nematarea.[12][13] Her exile proved unpopular with the populace, and her relatives and supporters, Mesopotamites foremost, secured her pardon after six months, in March 1197. She quickly restored her influence over her husband, and alongside her Mesopotamites now stood at the summit of his power.[14][15] According to Choniates, Mesopotamites now considered the title of epi tou kanikleiou insufficient, and sought to be elevated from the ecclesiastical rank of lector to deacon. This was granted, with Patriarch George Xiphilinos himself performing the ceremony. In addition, Mesopotamites was granted precedence among all other deacons, and a special dispensation was given for Mesopotamites to continue serving in the civil administration, as this was not normally allowed to ecclesiastics.[16][17]

Mesopotamites' position was now supreme. As Choniates writes, he endeavoured to hold "the church in his left hand and [...] the palace with his right". His new ecclesiastic duties requiring him to leave the emperor's presence, he tried to secure his place by installing his two brothers in the palace to keep his rivals away from Alexios.[16][18] However, as Choniates points out, he had now risen so high that he could only fall. Shortly after his elevation to the deaconate, he was promoted further to archbishop of Thessalonica. Mesopotamites left Constantinople for Thessalonica only long enough for his consecration there, but his enemies at court seized the chance offered by his absence. Led by the megas doux Michael Stryphnos, Mesopotamites' main rival due to his rampant corruption and embezzlement of public funds, they persuaded Alexios to dismiss him from all civil offices. His brothers were dismissed as well, and his post of epi tou kanikleiou went to Theodore Eirenikos. The Patriarch quickly also brought accusations against him before a synod—manifestly unjust, feeble, and unsubstantial, according to Choniates—and he was also dismissed from his ecclesiastical offices.[16][19][20] Thessalonica was taken over by John Chrysanthos, but Mesopotamites was soon reinstated in his see, where he remained until ousted by the Fourth Crusade in 1204.[21]

Later life

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During his exile, he was captured by pirates before finding refuge (约1206/7) in the state of Epirus that had been founded by Michael I Komnenos Doukas.[22] He was restored to his see after Thessalonica was recovered by Theodore Komnenos Doukas in 1224. When Theodore requested to be crowned emperor, however, Mesopotamites refused, out of loyalty to the exiled Patriarchate in the Empire of Nicaea, and left his see in self-exile. Theodore was eventually crowned by the Archbishop of Ohrid, Demetrios Chomatenos, sometime in April–August 1227. Mesopotamites must have abandoned his see by then.[23][24] The see appears to have remained vacant for some time thereafter, until sometime after 1230, when a Bulgarian bishop, possibly called Michael Pratanos, was installed as a result of the Bulgarian hegemony over the rump Empire of Thessalonica following Theodore's defeat and capture at the Battle of Klokotnitsa.[25]

Mesopotamites also maintained a correspondence with Choniates after 1204. From their letters as well as the mentions of Mesopotamites in Choniates' History, it appears that they had a close relationship, and that Mesopotamites was one of Choniates' sources for his historical work.[22] Indeed, Mesopotamites was the owner of Choniates' Dogmatic Panoply and the apparent recipient of the early version of his History, which explains why he is rarely mentioned by name, and why the harsh criticism of the later versions is missing.[26]

References

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 ODB，"Mesopotamites" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1349.
  2. ^ Brand 1968，第100, 209页.
  3. ^ Magoulias 1984，第241页.
  4. ^ Brand 1968，第98–99页.
  5. ^ Brand 1968，第99页.
  6. ^ Magoulias 1984，第241–242页.
  7. ^ Brand 1968，第99, 114页.
  8. ^ Brand 1968，第99, 110–111页.
  9. ^ Brand 1968，第111–113页.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Brand 1968，第144页.
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Garland 1999，第215页.
  12. ^ Brand 1968，第144–145页.
  13. ^ Garland 1999，第215–216页.
  14. ^ Brand 1968，第145–146页.
  15. ^ Magoulias 1984，第268–269页.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Brand 1968，第146页.
  17. ^ Magoulias 1984，第269页.
  18. ^ Magoulias 1984，第269–270页.
  19. ^ Magoulias 1984，第270–271页.
  20. ^ Garland 1999，第217页.
  21. ^ Angold 2000，第196页.
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Simpson 2013，第32–33页.
  23. ^ Simpson 2013，第33–34页.
  24. ^ Bredenkamp 1996，第160, 290–291页.
  25. ^ Bredenkamp 1996，第202页.
  26. ^ Simpson 2013，第33–34, 75页.

Sources

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Template:Bishops of Thessalonica

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